河南省油菜遗传改良进展与生产效果

综述了河南省油菜遗传育种、杂种优势利用等的研究进展及其主要成效,以期为今后的油菜遗传育种工作提供技术指导.针对近年来油菜产业发展中存在的生产成本偏高、专用型品种缺乏、保健型油脂需求旺盛等问题,及时调整了育种目标,在高产、优质、抗病的基础上,又开辟了高油、高油酸、适应机械化、耐迟播等新的研究方向;在育种技术上加强了游离小孢子培养技术、分子标记辅助选择技术的研究,并建立了相应的高效技术体系;加强了优异种质资源创新研究,创制和建立了稳定的高油、高油酸、低亚麻酸、抗寒、抗旱、抗裂荚、花色变异等各具特色的育种群体和新的种质资源;育成了一批强优势双低(即低芥酸、低硫苷)油菜杂交种和高油双低新品种,其在产量、品质和抗逆性等方面均有显著提高,为油菜新品种的更新换代和增产增收提供了强有力的技术支撑;2003-2015年,河南省油菜平均产量高于全国平均水平22.49％.本文还提出了今后的研究方向并进行了展望.

Genetic Improvement Progress and Productive Effect of Rapeseed in Henan Province

The research progress and major achievements on genetic breeding,heterosis utilization of rapeseed in Henan Province were summarized,with the aim to provide technical guidance for rapeseed genetic breeding in the future work.Faced with the problems of lack of special varieties,highly demand for healthy oil and high production cost in rapeseed production in recent years,the breeding goals of rapeseed have been adjusted from high yield,high quality and disease resistance to high oil,high oleic acid,adaptative to mechanization,late planting resistance.The breeding technologies mainly focused on the isolated microspore culture,molecular marker assisted selection,and the corresponding high efficiency technical systems were constructed.The innovative research on excellent germplasm resources were carried on,which created and established breeding populations and distinctive new germplasm resources with diverse variations such as high oil content,high oleic acid content and low linolenic acid,cold resistance,drought resistance,pod shatter resistance and different flower color variations.A series of rapeseed hybrids of double low varieties with strong heternsis and high oil contents were released and these hybrids significantly improved seed yield,quality and resistance.The average yield of rapeseed in Henan Province was 22.49％ higher than the national average yield in 2003-2015.All of the achievements provided strong technical support for the upgrading of rapeseed varieties and increasing both production and income.