土壤重金属污染防治的有效措施:土壤负载容量管控法——献给2015“国际土壤年”

土壤重金属负载容量管控法是指在土壤环境质量保护和农产品清洁生产过程中土壤重金属负载容量的全过程监测和控制方法。本文重点讨论了管控的必要性和可能性,强调了法律依托的重要性,即管控的合法性。它与标准管理法的差别在于(1)标准管理法为单一数值的终端控制,而负载容量管控法为立体的、全方位的过程控制;(2)标准管理法为浓度控制,而负载容量管控法为总量控制;(3)标准管理法责任主体不够明确,具有较大的被动性和依赖性;而负载容量管控法具有责任主体的主观能动性,即使在无法获得统一标准的情况下都不影响土壤重金属污染的防控;(4)标准可能会产生保护不足和过保护的情况;而负载容量管控法能够较好地发挥"土宜学"的精髓,充分发挥土壤生产力;(5)标准管理法重金属赋值过于"统一",缺乏个性化;而负载容量管控法针对特定对象,有其自身的临界值,可保障农产品安全。文章对土壤重金属负载容量管控法的特点和优势进行了较为详细的讨论,它可作为相关标准的有益补充,亦可在法律认可的前提下作为土壤污染防治的有效替代方法。

Effective Measures to Prevent Heavy Metal Pollution: Management and Control Methods Based Loading Capacity of Soil: To International Year of Soils, IYS 2015

We would like to dedicate this paper to 2015 the International Year of Soil. Monitoring and control methods for the quality and the safety of soil environment and agricultural products based on loading capacity of soil for heavy metals were essentially a set of measures of cleaner production during entire process of farmland management. The method can reduce or avoid the negative effects of heavy metals on soil and crops. This article focuses on the necessity and possibility of the monitoring and control methods based loading capacity of soil for pollution management and control, emphasizing the importance of the legal backing, namely the legitimacy of the method. The differences between the loading capacity-based methods and the traditional management approaches based on environmental standards are (1)The environmental standard-based management only controls a single numerical endpoint; the loading capacity control method is three-dimensional, controlling the full range of processes. (2)The environmental standard-based management is concentration control; the loading capacity-based method is total amount control of pollutants. (3)The subject of liability in the environmental standard-based management is not clarified, led to great passive dependence on the authorities; the loading capacity-based method takes the initiative for differentiating the main responsibility will not affect the prevention and control of heavy metal pollutions whether the uniform criteria established or not. (4)The environmental standard-based management may cause inadequate control or over-protection in certain circumstances; the loading capacity-based method adopts the essence of "Land Suitability Science" and fully utilizes the soil productivity. (5)The criteria assignment of heavy metals in the environmental standard-based management is too "unified", without considering the specialities of regional environments; the loading capacity-based method supplies the critical levels for each particular region, aiming at the protection of the safety of agricultural products. The characteristics and advantages of the control methods based the loading capacity of soil are discussed in detail. It can be used as a beneficial supplement to the standards and as a substitute under the premise of the legal recognition for effective prevention and control of soil pollution.