畜禽粪便中残留四环素类抗生素和重金属的污染特征及其控制

兽用抗生素和微量重金属作为饲料添加剂广泛用于畜禽养殖业，但超量使用是导致畜禽粪便中高浓度抗生素和重金属残留的根本原因。随着我国畜禽养殖业的规模化发展，畜禽粪便中残留的四环素类抗生素和重金属（铜、锌、砷）及其复合污染对生态环境和人类健康构成了巨大的潜在威胁。针对这种状况，总结了我国四环素类抗生素（包括四环素、土霉素和金霉素）和微量重金属元素（铜、锌、砷）在畜禽粪便中的残留量及其区域分布特征，并概述了这两类物质在畜禽粪便生物处理过程（堆肥和厌氧消化）中的转化、降解及其影响。畜禽粪便中残留的抗生素和重金属可导致环境中出现耐药菌与抗性基因，是环境与健康领域的又一重大挑战，其影响不容忽视。

Pollution and Control of Tetracyclines and Heavy Metals Residues in Animal Manure

Veterinary antibiotics and trace heavy metals are widely used as feed additives in the livestock and poultry industries for growth promotion. However, overuse or misuse of veterinary antibiotics and heavy metals resulted in high concentrations of these residues in animal manure. Along with the rapid development of concentrated operations of livestock and poultry in China, residues of tetracyclines and heavy metals such as copper, zinc and arsenic in animal manure and its combined pollution may pose great threat potential to environment and human health. Through literature review, this paper summarizes residues of tetracyclines, including tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline, and trace heavy metals, including copper, zinc and arsenic in animal manure, as well as their distribution in different regions of China. The present paper also summarizes degradation, transformation and impacts of these two kinds of substances in biological animal manure treatment processes, e.g composting and anaerobic digestion. Along with land application of animal manure generated from concentrated animal farms, high level tetracyclines and copper accumulated in agricultural soil, and it might form complex under certain circumstance which strongly affect their mobility and their bioavailability. It should be noted that a big challenge would be encountered due to resistant bacteria and resistant genes resulted from antibiotics and heavy metals residues in animal manure and land application of animal manure.