有机无机肥料配合施用对设施番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究了有机无机肥配合施用模式对番茄产量、品质及氮素在土壤中累积和淋失的影响.结果表明:(1)与肥料用量较高的习惯施肥处理相比,大幅减少肥料施用的不同有机无机肥配合施用模式均能保证番茄产量稳定,显著提高经济效益,平均增收19 127元·hm-2,其中(3/4)化肥N+(1/4)猪粪N模式处理经济效益最高.(2)施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥配合施用模式处理可降低番茄果实中的硝酸盐含量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的分别降低5.4％和7.0％；施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥料配合施用模式处理可提高番茄果实中Vc的含量,较全部施用化肥处理的提高9.4％.(3)与番茄种植前相比,番茄收获后土壤硝态氮含量总体上表现出表层增加、深层降低的趋势；大幅减施肥料的有机无机肥配合施用模式处理各土层硝态氮含量均低于习惯施肥处理相应土层硝态氮含量.(4)有机无机肥配合施用模式可显著降低渗漏水中硝态氮渗漏量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的平均分别降低35.5％和55.1％.在试验条件下,综合考虑产量、经济效益和环境效益的适宜有机无机肥料配合施用模式为(3/4)化肥N+(1/4)猪粪N模式处理.

Effects of Combined Application of Organic Manure and Chemical Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Tomato and Soil Nitrate Leaching Loss Under Greenhouse Condition

Recently,the excessive use of chemical fertilizer,especially nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers,and unreasonable application of organic manure led to degradation of soil fertility,alarming environmental risk of fertilization and decreasing safety of vegetable products in main vegetable production regions in China.This study was conducted to determine the effects of combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers on yield and quality of tomato,and accumulation and leaching loss of soil nitrate under greenhouse condition.The field experiment consisted of six treatments of 1(No N),2(4/4 CN,all nitrogen in chemical fertilizer),3(3/4 CN+1/4 ON,ON denotes nitrogen in organic manure),4(2/4 CN+2/4 ON),5(1/4 CN+3/4 ON),and 6(CF,conventional fertilization).Equal NPK was designed for treatments 2,3,4,and 5.Rates of P2O5 and K2O application were respectively equal for each of treatments 1,2,3,4 and 5.The results showed that:(1) compared with the conventional fertilization with much higher rates of N,P2O5 and K2O,there were not significant differences of tomato yields under the different combined application patterns of organic manure and chemical fertilizers with proper rates of N,P2O5 and K2O.The average income of the combined application patterns of organic manure and chemical fertilizers was significantly increased by 19 127 RMB yuan·hm-2,with the highest income for the combined application pattern of 3/4 N in chemical fertilizer and 1/4 N in organic manure.(2) Compared with two treatments of the all NPK applied with chemical fertilizer and the conventional fertilization,the combined application patterns of organic manure and chemical fertilizers respectively decreased nitrate contents in fruit of tomato by 5.4% and 7.0%.Whereas the combined application patterns of organic manure and chemical fertilizers increased Vc contents in fruit of tomato by 9.4% than that in treatment of all NPK applied with chemical fertilizer.(3)Soil nitrate contents generally tended to increase in surface soil layer(0~20 cm) and decrease in deep soil layer after tomato harvest compared with the stage before tomato planting.Soil nitrate content in each soil layer for treatments of the combined application patterns of organic manure and chemical fertilizers were significantly lower than that in corresponding soil layer for conventional fertilization treatment.(4)Compared with the chemical fertilizer application pattern and the conventional fertilization,the NO-3-N leakage rates in the leakage water significantly decreased by 35.5% and 55.1% under the combined application patterns of organic manure and chemical fertilizers.The proper pattern of combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers based on yield,income and environment was the pattern of combined application of 3/4 N in chemical fertilizer and 1/4 N in organic manure under this experimental condition.