江苏农业生产化肥减量施用的路径与措施

为农业生产化肥减量施用政策制定提供参考,利用1996—2015年江苏省农产品成本收益汇编资料和农村统计年鉴面板数据,研究江苏省主要粮食作物(籼稻、粳稻、小麦、玉米)和经济作物(油菜籽、棉花、桑蚕茧和蔬菜)的种植面积、化肥施用总量和化肥施用强度对农业生产减量施用化肥的影响。结果表明:1)1995—2014年江苏省的化肥施用强度以桑蚕茧和蔬菜作物最大,分别为50~60kg/667m~2和40~50kg/667m~2;棉花和粳稻其次,为30~40kg/667m~2;小麦、玉米和中籼稻第三,为20~30kg/667m~2;油菜最小,为20kg/667m~2左右。2)2014年江苏省的小麦、粳稻、蔬菜和其余5种作物的播种面积分别占总播种面积的30.72%、24.83%、16.61%和27.84%,化肥施用量分别占其总用量的25.21%、27.58%、21.71%和25.5%。3)针对江苏省化肥施用现状,提出了降低化肥施用强度、提高化肥利用效率、增强作物轮作体系等化肥减量施用可行路径。4)化肥减量施用措施的重点是控制小麦、粳稻等粮食作物,蔬菜、桑蚕茧等经济作物的化肥施用强度,并优先控制苏北地区农作物的化肥施用强度,完善减量施肥的相应法律法规,加强化肥施用量制度的建设,运用市场机制等完善管理制度。

Paths and Measures of Reducing Chemical Fertilizer Application in Agricultural Production in Jiangsu

The effect of cultivation area,total chemical fertilizer application amount and chemical fertilizer application intensity of eight main crops (indica rice,japonica rice,wheat,maize,rapeseed,cotton,mulberry cocoon and vegetables on reducing chemical fertilizer application in agriculturalproduction was studied by analyzing cost benefit data of agricultural products and panel data of ruralstatistical yearbook in Jiangsu during 1996-2015 to provide a reference for making chemical fertilizerreducing application policy in agricultural production.Results:1) The chemical fertilizer application intensity of mulberry cocoon,vegetables,cotton,japonica rice,wheat,maize,medium indica rice and rapeseed is 50～60 kg/667m2,40～50 kg/667m2,30～40 kg/667m2,30～40 kg/667m2,20～30 kg/667m2,20～30 kg/667m2,20～30 kg/667m2 and 20 kg/667m2 during 1995-2014 respectively.2) The sowing area and chemical fertilizer application amount of wheat,japonica rice,vegetables and other five crops accounts for 30.72％,24.83％,16.61％ and 27.84％ of total sowing area and 25.21％,27.58％,21.71％ and 25.5％ in 2014 separately.3) The feasible paths of reducing chemical fertilizer application intensity,improving chemical fertilizer utilization efficiency and enhancing the crops rotation system are proposed according to the current chemical fertilizer application status to reduce chemical fertilizer application amount.4) The key measures of reducing chemical fertilizer application amount are to control chemical fertilizer application intensity of wheat,japonica rice,vegetables and mulberry cocoon,control chemical fertilizer application intensity of crops in northern Jiangsu,prefect corresponding laws and regulations in reducing chemical fertilizer application,strengthen the construction of chemical fertilizer application system and prefect the management system by using market mechanism.