壳寡糖和几丁寡糖的制备方法及其在水产上的应用

人们期望无污染、无残留的绿色水产品。但近年来，随着水产养殖密度和规模迅速扩大，水产动物病害频发，滥用抗生素所导致的菌株耐药性等问题逐渐凸显，这给水产养殖可持续发展、绿色发展带来挑战。而壳寡糖和几丁寡糖由于无毒、无害、无残留，具有多种生物活性功能且来源广泛，逐渐被众多学者重视并研究。壳寡糖是几丁质或者壳聚糖经过酶解法、化学法或者物理法而获得的低聚糖，几丁寡糖是几丁质的降解产物或壳寡糖的乙酰化产物。目前，有关壳寡糖和几丁寡糖作为绿色的饲料添加剂、疫苗佐剂和水产品保水保鲜剂的研究已经开展，其在水产养殖中具有非常广阔的发展空间和应用前景。基于此，对壳寡糖和几丁寡糖的制备方法进行了总结，探讨了壳寡糖和几丁寡糖在水产动物饲料添加剂、疫苗佐剂和水产品保水保鲜中的应用，突出其调节水生动物免疫、促生长、抗氧化、影响鱼类体成分等方面的生物活性，以期为壳寡糖和几丁寡糖在水产上的深入研究和产业化应用提供参考。

Preparation Method of Chitosan Oligosaccharide and Chitin Oligosaccharide and Their Application in Aquaculture

People expect pollution-free and residue-free green aquatic products earnestly. However, in recent years, with the rapid expansion of aquaculture farming density and scale, aquatic animal diseases are frequent, and problems such as strain resistance caused by the abuse of antibiotics have gradually emerged, which bring challenges to the sustainable and green development of aquaculture. Chitosan oligosaccharides and chitin oligosaccharides due to non-toxic, nonharmful, and residue-free characteristics, with a variety of bioactive functions and a wide range of sources, is gradually valued and studied by many scholars. Chitosan oligosaccharides are oligosaccharides obtained from chitin or chitosan by enzymatic, chemical or physical methods. Chitin oligosaccharides are degradation products of chitin or acetylation products of oligochitosan. At present, experimental studies on chitosan oligosaccharides and chitin oligosaccharides as green feed additives, vaccine adjuvants and aquatic products water retention and freshness have been carried out, and they have broad development space and application prospects in aquaculture. Based on this, this review summarizes the preparation methods of chitosan oligosaccharides and chitin oligosaccharides, and discusses the application of Chitosan oligosaccharides and chitin oligosaccharides in aquatic animal feed additives, vaccine adjuvants and aquatic products water preservation and freshness, highlighting their biological activities in regulating aquatic animal immunity, promoting growth, anti-oxidation and affecting fish body composition, with a view to providing references for further research and industrial application of Chitosan oligosaccharides and chitin oligosaccharides in aquaculture.