晚清书院改制的新观察

改书院为学堂和改造传统书院、创建新型书院并列为晚清书院改革的三个方案之一。虽然历史的现实是改制取代改造、新创，书院被强令改为学堂乃至学校，但我们仍然主张要慎言书院改制是历史发展的必然，认为它更多的是晚清社会这一特殊背景下的一种无奈的政治选择，未必定然符合教育发展的规律。书院是中国近代教育的基点与起点，但由于改书院很快变成废书院，不仅1600余所改成学堂的书院在历史的虚无中被稀释幻化，长期得不到应有的重视，更使得中国近现代学校制度从此就沿着不断与传统决裂，不断西化的方向奔跑，强烈的反传统意识与几乎连续不断的否定和革命也就成了中国近现代教育最鲜明的印记。

A New Insight into the Academic Transformation in Late Qing Dynasty

The transformation from traditional academies into schools or universities is one of the three great reform projects in late Qing Dynasty, the other two being reforming traditional academies, and founding new ones. Although transformation actually replaces reforming and founding, and traditional academies are forced to change into schools or universities. We should still hold that the transformation of traditional academies is more of a compulsory political choice under special circumstances in late Qing than a necessity of historical development, which does not quite meet with the law of educational development. Traditional academies are both the basic and starting points of Chinese modern education. However, the transformation soon became abolition, which results in not only neglecting and ignoring the development of the 1,600 schools that originate from academies in historical nihilism, but also leading the Chinese modern educational system towards the road of continual westernization, more and more farther away from the Chinese tradition. Therefore, intense rebellion against the tradition and constant revolutions have become the most outstanding mark of the Chinese modern education.