北方粳型稻超高产育种理论与实践

 从育种理论、育种技术及育种实践等方面，综合评述了中国北方粳型稻超高产育种研究进展与前景，认为培育和推广超级稻是继株型育种和杂交稻之后，提高北方粳稻综合生产能力，实现北方水稻生产跨越式发展的重要途径。在“利用籼粳稻杂交创造新株型和强优势，通过复交优化性状组配，聚合有利基因，选育理想株型与优势利用相结合的超级稻”育种理论与技术路线确立之后，北方粳型超级粳稻在常规育种方面已取得重大突破，成功地培育出一批优质抗病的超级稻新品种并已广泛应用于生产，如沈农265、沈农606、吉粳88等。与常规超级稻育种相比，超级杂交粳稻育种研究进展则相对较缓慢。这一方面是由于北方气候与生态条件的限制，另一方面是育种技术相对落后。解决优势与生育期的矛盾、产量与品质的矛盾以及提高制种产量等问题，仍然是北方超级杂交粳稻育种所面临的严峻挑战。本文还讨论了与粳型超级稻育种有关的生理和遗传问题。

Theories and Practices of Breeding Japonica Rice for Super High Yield

Advances and prospects in breeding japonica rice for super high yield were analyzed comprehensively in term of basic theory, breeding techniques and development of new varieties. The authors hold that an important way to increase yield potential of japonica rice in northern China is to develop and apply the super rice. New conventional varieties with super high yield, good quality and disease resistance have been developed and released. These have included Shennong 265, Shennong 606 and Jijing 88. With theories and methods for breeding japonica super rice, the goal is to create a new plant type and growth vigor through crossing indica and japonica subspecies. These two advantages are then consolidated through optimizing the combination of desirable traits via multiple crossing or backcrossing. In the project, this was established successfully. In contrast with conventional breeding for super rice, advances in breeding for hybrid japonica super rice is slower because of the limit of the northern climate and ecological conditions. The project sought to resolve the contradiction between heterosis and growth period, grain yield and quality.The problem of seed production is still an important challenge for breeding hybrid japonica super rice. Physiological and genetic problems in relevant japonica super rice were also discussed in this paper.