中国水稻种植机械化高产农艺研究现状及发展探讨

水稻种植机械化是中国作物机械化生产的难点。论文在回顾中国水稻机械化种植发展概况的基础上，重点总结与阐述水稻3种机械化种植方式下的高产规律与栽培农艺。（1）系统归纳了盘育毯苗机插水稻的生长发育特性，重点阐述了毯苗机插稻的高产形成规律，即以合理的茎蘖动态与LAI动态，提高群体中后期光合物质生产能力；以合理增加生育中期有效与高效生长量，提高抽穗后物质生产积累量与最终生物学产量；以足量穗数与较大穗型协调产出足够的群体总颖花量，并保持通常的结实率与粒重。同时介绍了相配套的高产栽培农艺：①培育标准化壮秧，提供构建高产群体起点的生物基础；②机械精确栽插，形成高质量群体起点；③前期及早促进，在有效分蘖临界叶龄期稍前群体茎蘖数够到高产适宜穗数值；④及早适度搁田，把群体高峰苗控制为适宜穗数值的1.4—1.5倍，为及早重施壮秆促花肥创造条件；⑤主攻中期优化生长，增加有效与高效生长量，以适量壮秆大穗构成高光效群体；⑥强化后期物质生产与积累，提高群体库容充实量。（2）系统介绍了钵苗机插水稻高产栽培具有的诸多优势：利于精确培育大秧龄带土钵壮秧；几乎无植伤地精确机插；可精确实现高产栽培设计的基本苗；利于培育适宜数量的壮秆大穗，改善群体通风透光条件，增强植株抗倒性；源库较协调，群体中后期光合生产能力强，利于稳定高产与创造超高产；同时可充分利用温光资源，利于多熟制周年高产。实施高产栽培的关键农艺为：①精确培育加大秧龄的壮秧；②精确定量机插；③适当重施分蘖肥与促花肥。（3）阐述了机直播稻生长发育特点与产量形成特征，介绍了合理确定机直播稻种植范围、选用相适生育期的抗倒大穗型品种、抢早机械精播、切实加强化学除草与肥水管理等增产增效的农艺措施。同时，进一步分析了中国水稻种植机械化存在的主要问题，紧贴国情，明确提出专业化培育标准化壮秧与机械精确移栽，并配套稳定高产高效农艺，应是中国多数稻区栽培机械化的基本方向，机械化直播可在稻季热量丰裕的部分地区应用。接着，指明了相应的研发重点与关键：①强调把毯苗机插高产栽培列为中国水稻主产区机械化主体方向加以重点研发，认为必须加强研发的重点是：增强毯苗秧龄弹性与秧苗素质；秸秆机械高质量还田整地与精确栽插秧苗；促进大田稳靠早发，培育适量壮秆大穗，增加群体总库容量。②降低机具成本，提高作业效率以及稳定超高产高效农艺的构建，则是水稻钵苗机插栽培研究的重点。③机直播稻高产栽培农艺发展应重点研究以高效的机械作业提高前茬秸秆还田质量与整地质量，提高机械精确播种质量与全苗早发的技术。文章最后还强调各水稻主产区，应据本区特点切实搞好当地主体机械化种植方式高产栽培全程机械化模式的技术集成与示范推广。

Research Status and Development Discussion on High-Yielding Agronomy of Mechanized Planting Rice in China

Rice planting mechanization is a difficult point of the whole-course mechanized development in crop production in China. Based on the reviewing of development situation of rice planting mechanization in China, the high-yielding rules and cultivation techniques of three mechanized planting methods were highlighted and illustrated. (1) Growth characteristics and high-yielding rules of blanket-seedling mechanical transplanting rice grown in floppy disks were generalized systematically. Firstly, population photosynthesis and matter production at the middle and later period were improved by developing appropriate dynamics of stems and tillers and LAI. Secondly, it was the emphasis to increase the effective and efficient biomass accumulation in the middle period, and matter production after heading and the final biological yield. Thirdly, the sufficient population spikelets were composed of enough panicles and larger spike harmoniously, with normal seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight at the same time. Moreover, the supporting cultivation techniques for high yield were as follows. ① Nursing standardized seedlings for providing biological basis of building starting point of high-yielding population. ② Precise mechanical planting was conducive to the formation of high-yielding population. ③ Promoting tillers growth earlier in the early period could make sure of suitable stems and tillers for high yield slightly before the critical leaf-age for productive tillers. ④ Field draining earlier and lighter, with an appropriate number of peak seedling (1.4-1.5 folds of expected panicle number), could create conditions for reapplying fertilizer of strong stalk and spikelet promotion as early as possible. ⑤ Committed to optimize the growth in the middle period and increase the effective and efficient biomass accumulation, a right amount of population stems and tillers with strong stalk and large panicle was beneficial to constitute a high-efficiency photosynthetic layer. ⑥ Strengthening material production and accumulation for increasing the enrichment of population sink. (2) Many advantages of the high-yielding cultivation of pot-seedling mechanical transplanting rice were also introduced systematically, such as nursing elder seedlings with soil bowl, almost no damage to machine-transplanting precisely, achieving designed basic seedling of high-yielding cultivation accurately, forming an appropriate number of population stems and tillers with strong stalk and large panicle, improving ventilation and light conditions of population, strengthening the resistance to lodging, coordinating source-sink, strengthening strong photosynthetic production in the middle and later periods, making full use of temperature and solar radiation, creating (super) high yield stably and annual yield in the multiple cropping rotation systems, etc. And the key agronomic techniques for high-yielding cultivation of pot-seedling mechanical transplanting rice were as below. ① Nursing age-lengthening seedlings precisely; ② Precise quantitative mechanical planting; ③ Reapplying tillering fertilizer and spikelet- promoting fertilizer appropriately. (3) Characteristics of growth and yield formation of mechanical drilling rice were reviewed, presented with its supporting techniques including determined planting areas reasonably, selecting large-panicle varieties with appropriate growth duration and strong lodging, mechanical sowing earlier and extremely, chemical weed control and fertilizer management. Simultaneously, the existed main problems in the process of rice planting mechanization in China were analyzed further. According to China’s national conditions, the cultivation model raising nurturing standardized seedlings professionally and mechanical transplanting precisely as well as stable high-yielding-high-efficiency agronomic techniques should be the basic direction of mechanized cultivation for the majority of the localities. And mechanical seeding could be applied in several areas with abundant heat of rice season. Then the corresponding research and development (R &; D) focuses for mechanized planting of rice were referred. ① High-yielding cultivation of blanket-seedling mechanical transplanting rice should be classified as the main direction of mechanization in the major rice producing areas so as to R &; D further. There were several focal points such as enhanced flexibility of blanket-seedling age and seedling quality, straw machine-returning and land preparation and seedling planting precisely, promoting earlier and stably in the field, cultivating a right amount of population stems and tillers with strong stalk and large panicle and increasing population sink. ② Reducing equipment costs, improving operating efficiency and building stable (super) high-yielding-high-efficiency agronomy techniques were the research priorities of pot-seedling mechanical transplanting rice. ③ However, for the mechanical drilling rice, attention should be focused on improving the quality of previous straw machine-returning and land preparation through efficient mechanical operations, and mechanical precise direct seeding and early germinating for achieving expected seedlings. Finally, the technology integration and demonstration of the whole-process mechanized models under the local main mechanized cultivation methods should be done well in accordance with their characteristics in each main region of rice.