基于种业市场份额的中国种业国际竞争力分析

【目的】种业是国家战略性、基础性核心产业，中国巨大的种业市场正成为主要跨国公司竞争的焦点。种业竞争力不仅决定种业自身发展，而且也决定农业产业安全，不断提升种业竞争力是保障现代农业持续健康发展和国家粮食安全的根本。随着经济全球化、全球市场一体化进程的加快，市场份额竞争成为现代种业国际竞争的焦点，因此，从种业市场份额角度开展中国种业国际竞争力研究，以期全面、准确、科学的认识中国种业国际竞争力水平。【方法】运用国际种子联盟（ISF）、世界贸易组织（WTO）以及中国海关统计资讯室发布的相关数据，利用统计分析与显示性比较优势指数（RCA）、出口质量升级指数（QC）等常用市场份额分析指数对中国种业国际竞争力进行描述性与实证分析。【结果】中国虽然拥有世界上第二大的种子市场（2012年为99.50亿美元，仅次于美国120亿美元），但在全球种子市场份额竞争中，得到的国外市场份额少，失去的国内市场份额多；出口市场主要集中在亚洲（59.04%），而种子大额市场非洲（0.83%）和南美洲（0.18%）等占据的份额较少；竞争优势品种缺乏，相对来说，目前蔬菜与水稻种子占有的市场份额较多，均在1亿美元左右，而全球种子市场需求旺盛的小麦、玉米、大豆等种子占据的市场份额较少，均不到0.01亿美元。整体来看中国种业国际竞争力较差。从RCA计算结果来看，中国种业RCA指数较低且远小于评价标准值0.8，与美国、荷兰等种业强国相比还有很大差距，中国种业不具备显示性比较优势，种业国际竞争力较差但竞争力上升趋势明显，相对来说，蔬菜品种竞争力要高于农作物品种；从QC计算结果来看，中国种业种子出口质量升级指数大于评价标准值1且高于美、荷等种业强国，出口的各类型种子除小麦种子与大豆种子外其余种子附加值均相对较高，其中，2011年蔬菜种子QC值甚至达到了4.86，远高于判定标准值1，中国种业种子产品具有一定的质量竞争优势。【结论】中国种业在国际市场份额竞争中处于弱势地位，不具有显示性比较优势，出口市场集中且品种类型单一，竞争力较弱但整体处于上升态势；种业产品除小麦、大豆外，水稻、玉米、油菜、向日葵、甜菜、棉花、草本花卉植物、瓜果、蔬菜及牧草等作物种子目前附加值均较高，中国种业种子产品具有质量竞争力且各类型种子质量上升趋势明显，中国种业应注重以此为契机加速提升和巩固种业市场份额的拓展和掌控能力，以便应对日益激烈的国际种业市场份额竞争。

Analysis of International Competitive Ability of Seed Industry in China Based on the Market Share

【Objective】Seed industry is a national strategic and basic core industry. Seed industry competitiveness not only determines the development of the seed industry itself , but also determines the safety of agricultural industrialization. Nowadays, the competition of market share has become the core of the modern seed industry in international competition. Therefore, the study aims at investigating the competitiveness of China’s seed industry in the international seed market share competition.【Method】In the perspective of market share, this paper tries to illustrate and analyze the competitiveness of China’s seed industry by applying the index of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and export quality indices (QC), by using the data from ISF, WTO and China Customs statistics. 【Result】Findings from statistical analysis show that China’s seed industry accessed less abroad market share and lost more domestic market share. Export markets are mainly concentrated in Asia (59.04%), the large markets in Africa (0.83%) and South America (0.18%) are occupied a little. China’s seed industry has little competitive species, in comparison, rice seeds and vegetable seeds now occupy more market share, they are all at around $ 100 million, while the global seed market demand for wheat, corn, soybean and other seeds occupy less market shares and they are less than $1 million. Overall, China’s seed industry is less competitive. The result of RCA clarifies that RCA index of China''s seed industry is low and far less than the value of evaluation criteria 0.8, and has a large difference compared with the United States and the Netherlands. China’s seed industry has no comparative advantages, the competitiveness is weak but the uptrend is obvious. Relatively speaking, the competitiveness of vegetable varieties is higher than crop varieties. The result of QC shows that QC index of China’s seed industry is higher than the value of evaluation criteria 1, and higher than the United States and the Netherlands which is the powerful nation in seed industry. The various types of export seeds, except wheat seed and soybean seed, currently have relatively high added value, and a certain competitive advantage in the aspect of quality.【Conclusion】In the competition of the international seed market share, the competiveness of China’s seed industry is weak but rising as a whole. The added value is high as well. China’s seed industry should accelerate and consolidate the ability of expanding and controlling market share in order to cope with the fierce competition of international seed market.