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不同氮肥水平下玉米根际土壤特性与产量的关系
引用本文:张学林,徐 钧,安婷婷,侯小畔,李潮海.不同氮肥水平下玉米根际土壤特性与产量的关系[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(14):2687-2699.
作者姓名:张学林  徐 钧  安婷婷  侯小畔  李潮海
基金项目:国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203100)、河南省教育厅科学技术研究重点项目(13A210491)
摘    要:【目的】明确不同生育时期根际土壤特性与玉米籽粒产量之间的关系,为生产上合理施肥、提高氮素利用效率和减轻环境污染提供理论依据。【方法】2012年大田设置5个氮肥梯度固定施肥样地(对照、180 kg·hm~(-2)、240 kg·hm~(-2)、300 kg·hm~(-2)和360 kg·hm~(-2),分别简写为CK、N180、N240、N300和N360),并于2012、2013和2014年连续3年在玉米拔节、吐丝、成熟3个关键生育时期测定玉米根际和非根际土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、pH,同时测定玉米根系和地上部生物量及其氮素累积量,重点分析CK、N240和N360 3个处理根际土壤特性以及植株氮素累积量与玉米籽粒产量之间的关系。【结果】与CK相比,4个施肥处理(N180、N240、N300和N360)3年产量的平均值分别增加了23.85%、36.40%、39.87%和34.78%;其地上部不同阶段氮素累积量均显著高于CK(2012年播种—拔节除外),并随施肥量增加呈先增加后降低趋势。与CK相比,4个施肥处理根际土硝态氮含量分别增加23.38%、57.13%、57.87%和69.74%,非根际土壤硝态氮分别增加59.49%、92.01%、132.08%和179.35%。随施氮量的增加根际土铵态氮含量显著增加;与CK相比,4个施肥处理3年的非根际土壤铵态氮含量分别增加4.27%、3.51%、5.04%和26.26%。根际土壤p H和非根际土壤p H均随着氮肥施用量的增加而降低,其中根际土壤和非根际土壤pH的变化范围分别为4.5—6.7和5.5—7.2。与非根际土p H相比,根际土壤p H平均降低5%。根际土壤脲酶活性随氮肥用量的增加呈先增加后降低趋势。与对照相比,4个施氮处理3年非根际土壤脲酶活性平均值分别增加了4.02%、14.73%、24.55%和19.64%。根际土和非根际土过氧化氢酶活性均随氮肥用量的增加而降低,与CK相比,4个施氮处理3年的非根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性平均值分别降低了3.03%、5.09%、8.24%和12.67%。CK、N240和N360 3个处理不同生育时期玉米根际土壤特性以及植株氮素累积量与籽粒产量之间的相关分析结果表明,拔节期根际土壤硝态氮含量连续3年均与产量呈显著正相关。吐丝期玉米根际和非根际土壤硝态氮、根际土壤铵态氮和非根际土pH均与籽粒产量呈显著正相关;其中2013和2014年根际脲酶活性和根际土壤pH与产量的相关性也达到显著水平。2013和2014年成熟期根际和非根际土硝态氮含量也与玉米产量呈显著相关。主成分分析表明,玉米籽粒产量与拔节期土壤硝态氮含量、根际过氧化氢酶、地上部生物量和氮素累积量相关性较强;与吐丝期根际和非根际土壤硝态氮含量、根际土壤铵态氮含量和土壤pH以及地上部生物量及氮素累积量、根系生物量相关性较强;与成熟期地上部生物量和氮素累积量相关性较强。【结论】根据不同生育时期玉米根际土壤特性与籽粒产量之间的关系,进行合理施肥,能够保证玉米根际养分的有效供应,营造良好的根际土壤环境,提高氮素利用效率、增加玉米籽粒产量。

关 键 词:玉米产量  氮肥  根际土壤特性  相关分析  主成分分析  />
收稿时间:2015-12-29

Relationship Between Rhizosphere Soil Properties and Yield of Maize at Different Nitrogen Levels
ZHANG Xue-lin,XU Jun,AN Ting-ting,HOU Xiao-pan,LI Chao-hai.Relationship Between Rhizosphere Soil Properties and Yield of Maize at Different Nitrogen Levels[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(14):2687-2699.
Authors:ZHANG Xue-lin  XU Jun  AN Ting-ting  HOU Xiao-pan  LI Chao-hai
Institution:Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou 450002
Abstract:【Objective】Making the relationship between rhizosphere soil properties and maize grain yield clear could help managing nitrogen (N) fertilizer application, improving N use efficiency and reducing environmental pollution. 【Method】A field experiment with three N fertilizer treatments (Control: CK; 180 kg N·hm-2:N180; 240 kg N·hm-2: N240; 300 kg N·hm-2: N300 and 360 kg N·hm-2: N360) was established in 2012, and was carried out during maize growth periods in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. Both rhizosphere soil and bulk soil NH4+-N, NO3--N, urease, catalase, pH value, root and aboveground biomass and their N accumulation were measured at critical stages during maize growth periods, and their relationships with maize grain yield were analyzed. 【Result】In comparison with CK, the maize grain yield of four N fertilizer treatments increased by 23.85%, 36.40%, 39.87% and 34.78% for the three annual average, respectively, and their aboveground N accumulation was significantly higher than that of CK. rhizosphere soil NO3--N content of four N fertilizer treatments for their three years average increased by 23.38%, 57.13%, 57.87% and 69.74% in comparison with the CK, and 59.49%, 92.01%, 132.08% and 179.35% for their bulk soil NO3--N content, respectively. With the N fertilizer rate increasing, the bulk soil NH4+-N content increased by 4.27%, 3.51%, 5.04% and 26.26%, respectively. Both rhizosphere soil and bulk soil pH decreased with the increasing of N application rate, their ranges were 4.5-6.7 and 5.5-7.2, and the bulk soil pH value was 5% higher than that of rhizosphere soil. Rhizosphere soil urease activity increased with the N fertilizer rate increasing, and bulk soil urease activities of four N treatments for their three years average increased by 4.02%, 14.73%, 24.55% and 19.64%, respectively, in comparison with the CK. Bulk soil catalase activities decreased with the N fertilizer rate increasing, and reduced by 3.03%, 5.09%, 8.24% and 12.67% in four N fertilizer treatments in comparison with CK. The rhizosphere soil and bulk soil characteristics of CK, N240 and N360 treatments were used to analyze their relationship with maize yield. Pearson correlation analysis showed that rhizosphere soil NO3- -N content at jointing stage; rhizosphere and bulk soil NO3- -N, rhizosphere soil NH4+-N and bulk soil pH at silking stage were all significantly and positively correlated with grain yield. Rhizosphere soil urease enzyme activity and pH at silking stage in 2013 and 2014 were significantly correlated with grain yield, and rhizosphere soil and bulk soil NO3- -N content at maturity stage in 2013 and 2014 were also significantly correlated with the yield. Principal component analysis indicated that rhizosphere soil NO3- -N content, catalase activity, aboveground biomass and their N accumulation at jointing stage; rhizosphere soil and bulk soil NO3- -N content, rhizosphere soil NH4+-N, bulk soil pH, aboveground biomass and their N accumulation at silking stage, and aboveground biomass and their N accumulation at maturity stage were all significantly correlated with grain yield.【Conclusion】All of these results indicated that according to the relationship between rhizosphere soil properties at different stages and maize grain yield, a suitable N fertilizer methods should be taken to ensure the soil available N supply, create a favorable rhizosphere soil environment, improve N utilization efficiency, and increase grain yield.
Keywords:maize yield  nitrogen fertilizer  rhizosphere soil characteristics  correlation analysis  principal component analysis
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