水分和氮肥管理对灌溉水稻优质高产高效调控机制的研究进展

随着人们对稻米需求量日益增加,水稻(特别是优质稻米)产出需保持逐年增长趋势,但水资源紧缺及水稻生产中过量氮肥投入致环境承载压力增大等因素均阻碍水稻生产。因此,水稻生产当前面临的矛盾是如何在减少资源(水分和氮素)投入条件下产出更多优质稻米,节水省氮栽培模式下获得高产优质稻米是未来水稻生产走可持续发展道路的重要保障。笔者回顾水分管理制度(节水栽培模式、灌溉模式及土壤含水量)、氮肥管理制度(施氮量和施氮方法)及水氮协同管理对灌区水稻产量、品质和水/氮资源利用效率的调控效应,阐明水氮互作对优质高产高效水稻的生理生态调控机制,提出灌区优质高产高效水稻实现过程中潜在的关注点及相应的研究构想。

Research Advance of High-Yielding and High Efficiency in Resource Use and Improving Grain Quality of Rice Plants Under Water and Nitrogen Managements in an Irrigated Region

Rice production, especially of good quality, must be increased to feed the world’s growing population in the future. Meanwhile, water scarcity and nitrogen over-fertilization is threatening rice production of irrigated region because of fresh water and fertilizer nitrogen crises. Therefore, a major challenge in rice production is to save both water and fertilizer nitrogen while increasing grain yield and improving quality characteristics. Rice production must synchronously focus on high grain yield and good-quality when rice is planted under both water and nitrogen saving cultivation. In brief, rice production and sustainable development are considered not only for high yield and good quality, but also to ensure high water/nitrogen use efficiencies. Based on this background, the paper reviews (1) the effect of water regimes, nitrogen managements, and water-nitrogen interaction managements on grain yield, water/nitrogen use efficiencies, and grain quality of rice plants, respectively; (2) eco-physiological mechanisms obtaining high-yielding and good quality with high water/nitrogen use efficiencies when irrigated rice plants are managed in different water treatments, nitrogen treatments, and water-nitrogen interaction treatments. Finally, some potential research points including theory and technology researches, which could increase yield and improve quality of rice plants with high resources (water and nitrogen ) use efficiencies, were presented in this review.