东北春谷区近年来谷子育成品种的评价

【目的】通过对11年来东北春谷区育成的谷子品种产量、农艺性状进行相关分析,为东北春谷区谷子新品种选育、推广、资源利用和育种方向提供理论指导。【方法】基于2005—2015年国家谷子品种区域试验东北春谷区生育期、株高、单穗重、穗粒重、出谷率、千粒重、产量等农艺性状数据,结合东北春谷区生态区域类型特点,研究参试品种的农艺性状变化规律,对参试品种及通过鉴定品种的产量、主要农艺性状用DPS软件进行比较与分析。【结果】2005—2015年参试品种共有60个,按照全国农业技术推广中心的谷子品种鉴定标准,11年间通过鉴定的品种18个。参加区试的品种和通过鉴定品种的农艺性状平均值在年度间存在一定的变异,受气候条件因素影响较大,2010年通过鉴定的品种的产量较2005年增产4.6%,2015年通过鉴定的品种产量分别较2005年和2010年的品种增产12.62%和7.66%,总体来看育成品种表现出产量逐步增加的趋势。育成品种的产量增产幅度因品种类型不同而有一定的差异,单就产量而言,11年间九谷23、九谷14和龙谷31增产幅度超过10%,是增产幅度较大的品种。通过对18个鉴定品种农艺性状与产量进行相关和多元逐步回归分析表明,产量与单穗重、穗粒重呈极显著正相关;生育期、株高、单穗重、出谷率、千粒重和公顷穗数决定了产量90.98%的变异。过去11年东北春谷区利用夏谷血缘育成的品种九谷23,表现较突出,且株高约115 cm,株高显著低于其他品种,代表着东北春谷区育种的整体方向。【结论】东北春谷区谷子品种的选育取得了一定的进步,2005—2015年参试品种及通过鉴定品种的产量有逐年增加的趋势。单穗重和穗粒重对产量影响最大,同时农艺性状受品种特性、气候、栽培条件等多种因素影响,因此,育种中应在注重单穗重和穗粒重的同时,兼顾株高、生育期、抗性等其他因素对产量的影响,特别是应该降低株高和缩短穗颈长,使新培育的品种适应机械化轻简栽培,并继续加大抗除草剂品种和优质品种的培育,满足中国种植业结构调整和人们膳食结构改善对轻简栽培和优质品种的追求。

Evaluation of Foxtail Millet Cultivars Developed in Northeast China Spring-Sowing Region in Recent Years

【Objective】 The objective of this study is to analyze the agronomic traits, grain yield and other important characters of newly developed foxtail millet cultivars in the Northeast China in 2005-2015?, and provide scientific data for new cultivar breeding and germplasm utility.【Method】Based on the data of foxtail millets lines tested in the regional adaptation test of Northeast China from 2005 to 2015, main agronomic traits and yield traits were analyzed and compared with DPS software. 【Result】There were sixty cultivars tested in the regional adaptation test, and 18 cultivars were released according to the foxtail millet registration standard of the Chinese Agricultural Technology Extension Center in recent years. The grain yield potential of the newly developed foxtail millet cultivars showed variation according to the data analysis in 2005-2015, and it was influenced by climate greatly. The average yield of cultivars released in 2010 was higher than that of 2005 by 4.6%, and the average yield of cultivars released in 2015 was higher than that of 2005 and 2010 by 12.62% and 7.66% respectively. On the whole, the grain yield of cultivars released had a trend of increase. There was certain difference in the range of yield increase by the type of cultivars. The yield of Jiugu 23, Jiugu 14 and Longgu 31 was over 10% higher than that of the control cultivar. The result of correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis of the agronomic traits indicated that grain yield of cultivars is positively correlated with panicle weight and grain weight per panicle. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that 90.98% of the grain yield variation was decided by growth duration, plant height, panicle weight, the rate of grain per panicle, 1000-grain weight and the number of panicles per hectare. Jiugu 23 was the most prominent cultivar in the Northeast Spring-Sowing Foxtail Millet Region with a relative low plant height of 115 cm, which represent the direction of millet breeding. 【Conclusion】The yield potential of newly developed foxtail millet cultivars in the Northeast China Spring-Sowing Region in recent years was someway improved, which show a trend of yield increase year by year. The panicle weight and grain weight per panicle were the most important traits for grain yield, while the yield was also affected by climate and cultivation condition. The panicle weight and grain weight per panicle should be paid more attention during the breeding progress, and related traits such as plant height, growth duration and biotic/abiotic resistance affected the yield of foxtail millet as well. The plant height and panicle length should be reduced for cultivars adapting to simplified cultivation technology. Cultivars that have the characters of resistant to herbicide should be developed to satisfy the adjustment of Chinese crop farming system to reduce labor investment.