中国冬小麦区域试验品种抗病性评价

【目的】明确中国小麦主要后备品种和高代品系对条锈病、叶锈病、秆锈病、白粉病、赤霉病、纹枯病、黄矮病的抗性程度和水平,为培育抗病新品种、品种审定与推广、抗病品种合理布局、降低品种抗性"丧失"风险提供依据。【方法】以中国小麦条锈菌流行小种条中32(CYR32)、条中33号(CYR33)等、叶锈菌PHT、THT等、秆锈菌21C3、34C2等、对15个已知抗白粉病基因具有毒性的白粉菌混合菌系、赤霉病菌、纹枯病菌强毒力菌株和BYDV-GAV株系对1999—2014年度国家小麦区域试验品种(系)1 815份次试验材料进行成株期人工接种抗性鉴定,重要材料连续进行两年试验,以确保结果的重复和可靠。【结果】在所鉴定的品系中,具有3种抗病性以上的品种(系)共250个,通过农业部国家农作物品种审定委员会审定的品种共310个;中抗和高抗条锈病品种占参试品种的(39.8±21.7)%、中感和高感品种占(39.7±27.9)%;赤霉病、纹枯病、秆锈病和白粉病抗病品种所占比例分别为(31.5±27.5)%、(31.1±35.6)%、(48.2±25.6)%和(25.0±14.6)%、感病品种分别占(68.5±27.5)%、(62.2±38.6)%、(31.3±20.7)%和(70.7±14.6)%;抗叶锈病品种比例仅为(9.9±3.8)%,感病品种高达(70.4±15.1)%;除河农831表现中抗外,所有品种对黄矮病均表现感病,未出现高抗品种。【结论】抗源缺乏的病害未鉴定出抗性强的品种,抗条锈病和白粉病品种主要出现在甘肃、四川等地,抗叶锈小麦品种(系)较少。

Multi-Disease Resistance Evaluation of Chinese Advanced Winter Wheat Lines for the National Regional Test

【Objective】The objective of this study is to evaluate the multi-disease resistance of candidate cultivars and advanced lines which were attended the National Wheat Regional Test (NWRT) to stripe rust, leaf rust, stem rust, powdery mildew, eyespot of wheat and Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) at adult stage in the past fifteen years, and the results of the study could provide a foundation for the breeding, release and application, reasonable arrangement of resistant cultivars, and food security of wheat in China.【Method】From 1999 to 2014, there were 1 815 advanced lines of NWRT inoculated with mixture races of CYR32, CYR33 of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, with PHT and THT of Puccinia triticina, 21C3 and 34C2 of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, more than 15 mixture virulences of Blumeria gramins f. sp. tritici, strong virulence isolates of Fusarium graminearum and Rizoctonia cerealis, GAV strain of BYDVat the adult plant stage.【Result】There were 250 cultivars or advanced lines showed resistance to three or more diseases out of the 7 evaluated diseases. Out of the 1 815 advanced lines, 310 lines were approved to be released by the National Crop Variety Approval Committee (NCVAC). The frequency of the moderately resistant (MR) and highly resistant (HR) lines was (39.8±21.7) %, while it was (39.7±27.9)% for the frequency of moderately susceptible and highly susceptible lines. Similarly, the frequencies of resistant lines (MR and HR) to wheat Fusarium head blight, sheath blight, stem rust and powdery mildew were (31.5±27.5)%, (31.1±35.6)%, (48.2±25.6)% and (25.0±14.6)%, respectively, while the lines showing susceptible to these diseases were (68.5±27.5)%, (62.2%±38.6)%, (31.3±20.7)% and (70.7±14.6)%, respectively. Nevertheless, it was only (9.9±3.8)% of wheat lines showed leaf rust for resistance and (70.4±15.1)% was susceptible. In addition, except Henong 831 showed moderately resistance, there were no any lines showed resistance to BYDV. 【Conclusion】It is very difficult to find out resistant cultivars due to lack of resistance sources, while it is much more easier for stripe rust and powdery mildew. Gansu and Sichuan provinces are the principal origins of resistant cultivars to wheat stripe rust and powdery mildew in the released cultivars. There were less lines showed resistance to wheat leaf rust.