中国设施蔬菜害虫天敌昆虫应用研究进展

设施蔬菜是现代农业生产中极为重要的组成部分,而且设施蔬菜的发展不仅使蔬菜生产的品种和产量得到快速增长,也为有机蔬菜的发展创造了有利条件。但是,设施蔬菜种植条件也给害虫提供了适宜生长、繁殖和危害的生态环境,严重影响了蔬菜的质量和产量,成为制约设施蔬菜产业进一步发展的关键因素。化学农药的长期使用带来了一系列的生态环境和食品安全问题,而治理化学农药污染不仅要求逐步减少其使用量,更需要寻求优化升级与替代传统防治方法的技术。天敌昆虫作为传统的生物防治产品,在控制设施蔬菜虫(螨)害,保证其产量和品质中起着不可替代的作用。随着人们环境保护意识的加强和绿色农业的发展,以天敌昆虫释放为主的生物防治技术在害虫综合治理(IPM)中发挥着越来越重要的作用。中国的天敌资源非常丰富,但目前在设施蔬菜生产中应用的种类相当有限。经过几十年的努力,中国在设施蔬菜害虫生物防治及应用领域开展了大量的研究工作,在天敌昆虫资源和应用基础、技术研发和配套技术及应用等方面取得了较大进展。本文概述了设施蔬菜害虫的主要发生种类及其危害特点、主要害虫天敌资源及其生物防治的技术途径等,重点介绍了蚜虫、粉虱、叶螨、蓟马等几种重大害虫的生物防治实例,并分析了中国天敌昆虫人工繁殖(人工饲料、规模化生产)的研究进展。此外,还综述了中国温室蔬菜害虫的天敌应用技术研究成果,从天敌昆虫保护利用、释放技术、控害效果评价、规模化生产等方面对设施蔬菜应用天敌昆虫进行生物防治中存在的问题进行了讨论,并展望了该领域的未来发展方向。

Progress in Pest Management by Natural Enemies in Greenhouse Vegetables in China

Greenhouse vegetables are very important part of modern agricultural production and the development of vegetables produced in facilities not only makes the rapid growth of variety and production output of vegetables, but also creates favorable conditions for the development of organic vegetables. However, planting conditions of greenhouse vegetables have a serious impact on the quality and yield of vegetables through supplying a suitable environment for pest insect growth and reproduction. It has become the key factor restricting the further development of the vegetable industry. A series of environmental and food safety problems are produced with the long-term use of chemical pesticides. In order to manage the chemical pesticides pollution, not only their application amount should be reduced gradually, but also the technology for optimizing and upgrading the traditional control method should be developed. As traditional biological control products, the natural enemies of insect pests play an irreplaceable role in controlling vegetable insect pests and guaranteeing the yield and quality of vegetables. With the strengthening of people’s consciousness of environment protection and development of green agriculture, the biological control technology plays an important role in the integrated pest management (IPM) which is based on natural enemy insect release. In China, the resources of natural enemy insect are very rich; however, the application of natural enemies in greenhouse vegetable is quite limited. After decades of efforts, lots of researches focus on vegetable pest biological control and application field. A great progress has been made in the resources of natural enemy insects, application basis, technology research development and supporting technology. In this paper, an overview that related to the damage characteristics of vegetable pest insects and biological control of main pest insects using natural enemy technique was summarized. Examples of biological control of aphids, whiteflies, spider mites and thrips were listed. The research progress in insect natural enemies artificial rearing (artificial feed, the scale of production) in China was analyzed. In addition, the results in technology research on greenhouse vegetables control using natural enemies were also studied. The problems existing in biological control including the protection use of natural enemies, release technology, control effect evaluation and scale production were also discussed. And the prospects of the development direction of this field in the future were pointed out.