主要果树果实品质遗传改良与提升实践

全面总结分析国内外果树果实品质改良现状、中国果树品质改良与发达国家的差距与成因,在此基础上系统阐述柑橘、苹果、梨、桃及葡萄等主要果树果实品质遗传改良的目标、技术途径与成果、品质性状遗传倾向、芽变机理,并举例阐述柑橘原生质体融合与无核品种创制、功能型苹果及其育种技术体系创建、早熟核果类果树品种和无核葡萄胚培育种、野生樱桃李资源品种化及转基因缩短童期新技术等方面取得的突破性进展。最后针对中国果实品质改良提出几条建议:进一步加强野生果树资源评价及亲本利用研究,努力拓宽栽培品种的遗传基础,协同提升果实品质;进一步开展细胞工程等生物技术以及芽变机理和性状遗传变异规律研究,建立生物技术与常规技术结合、杂交育种与芽变选种优势互补的果树果实品质高效改良技术体系;进一步加强新品系的国际品种区域栽培试验及国际品种权申请与保护,培育国际性的果树"大品种"。

Genetic Improvement and Promotion of Fruit Quality of Main Fruit Trees

The current situation of fruit quality improvement both at home and abroad, the gaps between China and the developed countries and the reasons causing these gaps were firstly summarized and analyzed. Based on the review, the aim of the genetic improvement for citrus, apple, pear, peach, grape and other main fruit trees, the techniques used in genetic improvement and the achievements obtained, fruit quality genetic predisposition and mechanisms of bud mutation sere systematically discussed. Meanwhile, the breakthroughs in citrus protoplast fusion and seedless variety creation, functional apple breeding system establishment, the embryo culture of early ripening stone fruit varieties, seedless grape, varieties developing from wild cherry plum, and juvenile shortening transgenic technology were illustrated through presenting the concrete successful cases. Lastly, three recommendations directed at Chinese fruit quality improvement were proposed: Further strengthening the research, utilization and evaluation of wild fruit tree resources to broad the genetic basis of the fruit cultivars and enhance the fruit quality. Further deepening the research on biotechnological approaches such as cell engineering, the mechanism of bud mutation, and the principles of genetic variation of traits to establish a fruit improvement technique system with high efficiency combining modern biotechnology and conventional techniques and sexual cross breeding and bud mutation selection. Further strengthening the regional cultivation tests of new international varieties and applying for variety right international protection to culture international “Big variety”.