粉垄耕作对黄淮海北部春玉米籽粒灌浆及产量的影响

【目的】在黄淮海北部引入一种称作“粉垄”的新型深土耕作措施，旨在解决由于连年旋耕所致的犁底层上移、耕层变浅，限制作物产量提高的现实问题。【方法】以旋耕和深松为对照，设置粉垄30 cm、粉垄50 cm、粉垄30 cm+地膜、粉垄50 cm+地膜等处理，探究其对春玉米灌浆和产量的影响。【结果】与旋耕和深松相比，粉垄利于水分入渗，增加了土壤贮水，改善了土壤水分供给，提高了春玉米的穗粒数和籽粒含水率；尽管灌浆渐增期不具有优势，且耕作深度越深，起始生长势和平均灌浆速率越低，但灌浆快增期和缓增期平均灌浆速率随耕作深度增加的优势突出；最终粉垄的百粒重和产量显著高于两对照。粉垄加盖地膜保存了更多水分，显著提高了穗粒数，灌浆渐增期灌浆速率便优势明显，且耕作深度越深，优势越明显，加之灌浆期延长，百粒重和产量显著高于未覆膜两处理。【结论】粉垄覆膜的新型耕作措施为打破犁底层、解决耕层变浅、促进作物增产提供了一种新的可行方法。

Effects of Deep Vertically Rotary Tillage on Grain Filling and Yield of Spring Maize in North Huang-Huai-Hai Region

【Objective】Annual rotary tillage often can create a compacted plough pan in shallow soil layers, and has become a key factor hampering high crop yield in some main grain producing areas of China. In this study, therefore, a brand-new deep soil tillage called deep vertically rotary tillage was implemented to test its effects on grain filling and spring maize yield in north Huang-Huai-Hai region. 【Method】Tillage treatments including deep vertically rotary tillage of 30 cm (F30), and 50 cm (F50), deep vertically rotary tillage of 30 cm with film mulching (F30M) and 50 cm with film mulching (F50M) were conducted. Meanwhile, rotary tillage (XG) and subsoiling (SS) were used as experimental control. 【Result】Results showed that compared with rotary tillage and subsoiling, water infiltration under deep vertically rotary tillage got more easily, soil water storage was increased, soil water supply was improved, thus ear kernel number and kernel moisture were increased. Although the treatments of deep vertically rotary tillage had no advantage during the first stage of grain filling called slight-increase period (t1), while both initial grain-filling potential (R0) and mean grain-filling rate were decreased with the increase of tillage depth. Mean grain-filling rate of fast-increase period (the second stage, t2) and slow-increase period (the last stage, t3), on the other hand, was improved with the increase of tillage depth, i.e., F50 (50cm)>SS (35cm) >F30 (30cm) >XG (15cm). Finally, 100-kernel weight and yield of F30 and F50 were significantly increased compared with the rotary tillage and subsoiling. Due to moisture preservation of plastic film, ear kernel number was significantly increased compared with the treatments of F30 and F50. Furthermore, the grain filling of F30M and F50M showed an obvious superiority over rotary tillage and subsoiling from the beginning of t1. R0 and mean grain-filling rate of t1 of F30M and F50M were improved with the increase of tillage depth. Plus longer grain-filling period, 100-kernel weight and yield of F30M and F50M increased significantly compared with F30 and F50. 【Conclusion】The results showed that deep vertically rotary tillage with film mulching can provide a new and effective way to break up the compacted plough pan, solve the shallow tillage layer problem and increase crop yield.