甘蓝型冬油菜北移种植的适应性分析

【目的】探讨育成强抗寒新品种/系在高海拔高纬度种植的生态适应性和甘蓝型冬油菜北移的可行性,实现劣质低效白菜型冬油菜品种替代、农田生态改善和产业提升。【方法】以新育成的10个强抗寒甘蓝型冬油菜品系为材料,选择甘蓝型冬油菜原种植区和典型北移生态区为试点,研究了甘蓝型冬油菜强抗寒品种在高纬度、高海拔冷凉区越冬,其生育期、产量、品质、株型等性状的变化。【结果】在原种植区（天水）甘蓝型冬油菜均能安全越冬,北移种植后甘蓝型冬油菜越冬率明显降低。对照品种（甘杂1号）在北移区（白银、定西）种植不能正常越冬;10个强抗寒品种在白银试点均能安全越冬,其越冬率在81%—94%之间;在定西试点越冬率在51%—88%之间,其中6个强抗寒品系可在定西安全越冬（≥75%）。甘蓝型冬油菜北移后生育期延长52—70 d;北移至白银,强抗寒品系产量变幅在-11.05%—44.67%,产量最高达5 170.80 kg·hm^-2,定西试点各参试品系产量均明显降低,产量最高为3 392.85 kg·hm^-2。北移种植后参试品种株高、分枝部位降低,二次分枝增加,株型变差;全株角果数降低,角粒数、千粒重增加,角粒性状变优。北移后甘蓝型冬油菜含油量、硫苷含量降低,芥酸含量增加。参试品系/种中1个为双低优质强抗寒品系（16NS20H1）,1个为低芥酸抗寒品种（甘杂1号）。相关性分析表明,越冬率、产量、株高、分枝部位、主花序长度、含油量、硫苷含量与海拔、纬度显著负相关,与年平均温度、年降水量、无霜期天数、最冷月温度显著正相关;而生育期、二次分枝变化相反。在北移区甘蓝型冬油菜抗倒伏性显著优于白菜型。【结论】育成的强抗寒甘蓝型冬油菜新品系抗寒性比对照（甘杂1号）明显增强,可以在北纬36°12′、海拔2 248 m的地区安全越冬;可通过选择高产优质强抗寒甘蓝型冬油菜品系,提升北方强冬性区冬油菜产量水平和品质营养价值。

Analysis on the Adaptability of Northward Planting of Brassica napus

【Objective】To explore the ecological adaptability of breeding new varieties/lines with strong cold resistance and the feasibility of northward migration of Brassica napus (Brassica napus L.) at high altitude and high latitude, so as to realize the replacement of inferior and inefficient winter rape varieties, farmland ecological improvement and industrial promotion.【Method】Ten cold-resistant winter rape lines of Brassica napus were used as materials, and the original planting area and typical northward migration ecological region of winter rape of Brassica napus were selected as experiments to study the changes of growth period, yield, quality, plant type and other characters of cold-resistant winter rape varieties of Brassica napus in cold and cool areas at high latitude and high altitude.【Result】The results showed that Brassica napus-type winter rape could survive the winter safely in the original planting area (Tianshui), and the over-wintering rate of Brassica napus decreased obviously after moving northward. The control varieties（Ganza 1）could not survive the winter normally in the northward migration area (Baiyin and Dingxi); The 10 strong cold-resistant varieties could survive the winter safely in the Baiyin pilot, and the over-wintering rate was between 81% and 94%; The Dingxi pilot, the over-wintering rate was between 51% and 88%, of which 6 strong cold-resistant varieties could survive the winter safely in Dingxi (≥75%). The growth period of Brassica napus was prolonged by 52 days and 70 days after moving northward; The yield of cold-resistant lines move northward to Baiyin varied from-11.05% to 44.67%, and the highest yield was 5 170.80 kg·hm^-2 .The yield of all the tested lines in Baiyin decreased significantly, and the highest yield was 3 392.85 kg·hm^-2 .After planting northward, the plant height, branching position decreased, the secondary branch increased, the plant type became worse, the number of pods per plant decreased, the number of pods and 1000-grain weight increased, and the characters of pods became better. After moving northward, the contents of oil and glucosinolates in Brassica napus decreased, while the contents of erucic acid increased. One of the tested lines/species was a double-low, high-quality and strong cold-resistant strain (16NS20H1), and the other was a cold-resistant variety with low erucic acid (Ganza 1). Correlation analysis showed that overwintering rate, yield, plant height, branch position, main inflorescence length, oil content and glucosinolate content were significantly negatively correlated with altitude and latitude. It was positively correlated with annual average temperature, frost-free days and coldest monthly temperature, while the growth period, secondary branches changed to the contrary. In the northward moving area, the lodging resistance of Brassica napus type was significantly better than that of Brassica campestris L.. 【Conclusion】The cold resistance of the new cold-resistant winter rape strain of Brassica napus was obviously stronger than that of the control (Ganza 1), and it could survive the winter safely in the area of 36°12'N latitude and 2 248 m above sea level, and the winter rape lines with high yield, high quality and strong cold resistance could be selected and improve the yield level, quality and nutritional value of winter rape in the strong winter region of North China.