中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策 Ⅱ.欧美国家农业面源污染状况及控制

 在全球范围内,农业面源污染正在成为水体污染的主要原因,对农业面源污染的控制不但逐步成为水污染治理的重中之重,也逐步成为现代农业和社会可持续发展的重大课题。20年来,发达国家在农业面源污染治理上主要通过源头控制,对农田面源、畜禽场面源进行分类控制。其核心特征为在扎实的试验研究基础上,发展环境友好的农业生产技术替代原有技术,在各主要水域和水源保护区研究和制定限定性农业生产技术标准。通过技术层面与政策层面的结合,在全流域范围内广泛推行农田最佳养分管理,限制水源保护区农田作物类型、轮作类型、施肥量、施肥时期、肥料品

Estimation of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in China and the Alleviating Strategies Ⅱ.Status of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution and the Alleviating Strategies in European and American Countries

Agricultural non-point source pollution is now the leading source of water pollution. The alleviation ofagricultural non-point source pollution is becoming the most important issue for sustainable agricultural and socialdevelopment in the world. To this challenge great efforts have been made during the last two decades. In developedcountries, different measures of source controlling have been applied to reduce pollutants resulting from different majornon-point source categories, i.e. crop production and animal husbandry as well as urban runoff. Environment-friendlyalternatives such as BNMP (best nutrient management practices) have been encouraged to replace the conventionalproduction techniques. Regulations and related standards have been set down to prohibit agricultural activities inducingwater eutrophication and to reduce washing of pollutants into aquatic ecosystems. The technical standards include confinedanimal facilities, field crop type, rotation form, plowing, pesticide spraying, irrigation, fertilizing, planting and harvesting. Inthe counties of European Community, where high fertilizer application rate have resulted in heavy ground water nitratepollution, consumption of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer reduced by 30% and 50% respectively since 1980s. Theproblem of agricultural non-point source pollution has been amended to some extent. The experiences from these countiesprovide valuable elicitation for China in development strategies and technology to reduce water pollution.