水稻氮高效相关基因的研究进展

提高氮肥利用率,降低农业生产中的氮肥投入,对实现中国提出的“化肥零增长”目标至关重要。氮素可通过植物根部以硝态氮或者铵态氮的形式从土壤中被吸收,并在植物体内转运合成氨基酸、核苷酸等生命必需物质,是农作物生长和产量形成的必要性元素。然而,氮肥过量则会破坏土壤理化性质,导致土壤盐碱化、生态环境污染;减少氮肥用量难以发挥当前水稻、小麦等大田农作物品种的高产潜力,极大地制约了农作物的产量,同时也会过度消耗土壤中的氮素,威胁中国的粮食安全。为提高氮肥利用效率,确保粮食安全,挖掘氮高效基因（如NRT1.1B、OsGRF4等）,通过分子设计育种对当前现有品种进行遗传改良,有助于培育高效利用氮素的水稻新品系,挖掘当前水稻品种的生产潜力,提升中国农业可持续绿色发展水平。本文基于目前水稻研究中挖掘的氮高效基因,根据其功能和特点将其分为四类：NRT/PTR类、AMT类（铵转运蛋白家族）、NLP家族类及其他种类;并对具有潜在育种价值的氮高效基因的利用及当前存在的问题进行分析与展望。

Research Progress of Nitrogen Efficiency Related Genes in Rice

Over the last few years, China government has put forward a strategy to achieve the goal of “zero growth of chemical fertilizer”. It is particularly important to reduce the input of nitrogen fertilizer in agricultural production and enhance the nitrogen use efficiency in crops. Nitrogen is mostly absorbed from the soil by plant roots in the form of nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^-) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄^-). It is transported from roots in plants to synthesize essential life substances, such as amino acids and nucleotides. Nitrogen is used as a basic element for crop growth and yield formation. However, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer destroys the physical and chemical properties of the soil, causes undesirable changes to soil salinization, and pollutes the ecological environment, and pollutes the ecological environment. By reducing the quantity of nitrogen fertilizer, will destabilize the yield potential of field crops including rice and wheat which is being used as a staple food in China. It can threaten food security of the country. To improve the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and stabilize the food security, mining nitrogen-efficient genes, such as NRT1.1B, OsGRF4 etc., genetic improvement of current existing varieties through molecular design breeding will help to cultivate new nitrogen efficiently rice lines. Tapping the productive potential of current rice varieties will improve the level of sustainable agricultural development in our country. In this article, based on the nitrogen-efficient genes excavated in the current rice research, this article reviews the PTR (polypeptide transporter) family, NRT (nitrate transporter) family, AMT family (ammonium transporter family), NLP family and other types of rice nitrogen-efficient genes. The future prospects of gene utilization have been prospected. Based on the nitrogen-efficient genes excavated in the current rice research, they are divided into four categories: NRT/PTR, AMT (ammonium transporter), NLP and other types, and summarize their functions and characteristics, and analysis the utilization prospect and existing problems of nitrogen-efficient genes with potential breeding value.