灌水时期和灌水量对小麦耗水特性、籽粒产量及蛋白质组分含量的影响

 【目的】研究高产条件下灌水时期和灌水量对小麦的耗水特性和籽粒蛋白质组分含量的影响，为小麦节水高产优质栽培提供理论依据。【方法】设置不同灌水时期和灌水量的处理，采用反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）分析方法对籽粒蛋白质进行分离量化，研究不同水分处理对小麦耗水量、水分利用率、籽粒产量、籽粒品质和籽粒蛋白质组分含量的影响。【结果】随着灌水量的增加，灌水量占农田耗水量的百分率提高，降水量和土壤贮水消耗量占农田耗水量的百分率降低。减少灌水量，促进小麦对土壤贮水的利用，提高小麦在0～100 cm各土层的土壤耗水量。降低农田耗水量、提高水分利用率是实现节水高产栽培的有效途径。拔节期和开花期分别灌水60 mm的处理在两年度生长季均获得了最高的水分利用率;在2004－2005年生长季W1处理的籽粒产量与W2无显著差异，但显著高于W0处理;在2005－2006年生长季W'2处理的籽粒产量与W'3无显著差异，但显著高于W'0、W'1处理。水分对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分含量具有重要的调控作用。在2004－2005年生长季，与W2处理相比，W1处理的籽粒醇溶蛋白含量降低，HMW-GS含量和谷蛋白含量升高，籽粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量升高，面团形成时间和面团稳定时间延长，有利于强筋小麦济麦20籽粒品质的改善。在2005－2006年生长季，随灌水量增加，籽粒HMW-GS含量、谷蛋白含量有先升高后降低的趋势，以W'2处理最高，与籽粒蛋白质含量、面团形成时间和面团稳定时间的变化趋势一致。【结论】本试验条件下，拔节期和开花期分别灌水60 mm是兼顾节水、高产、优质的最优处理。

Effects of Irrigation Stage and Amount on Water Consumption Characteristics, Grain Yield and Content of Protein Components of Wheat

【Objective】 The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of irrigation stage and amount on water consumption characteristics and grain protein components of wheat under high-yield conditions, and to provide scientific basis for water-saving, high-yield and good-quality cultivation of wheat. 【Method】 Water consumption amount, water use efficiency, grain yield, grain quality and content of protein components of wheat were analyzed using different irrigation stage and amount treatments, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique was used to separate protein components of wheat grain. 【Result】 The results showed that the ratio of irrigation amount to water consumption amount increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount, while the ratio of precipitation to water consumption amount and the ratio of soil water amount to water consumption amount decreased. It was the effective way to achieve water-saving, high-yield and good-quality cultivation of wheat by decreasing water consumption amount and increasing water use efficiency by decreasing irrigation amount, improving the utilization of soil water and increasing the soil water consumption amount in 0-100 cm soil layers. The treatment which irrigated 60 mm water at jointing stage and anthesis stage respectively had the highest water use efficiency in two wheat growing seasons. There was no significant difference between treatment W1 and W2 in grain yield, while treatment W1 was significantly higher than W0 in 2004–2005 growing season. There was no significant difference between treatment W'2 and W'3 in grain yield, while treatment W'2 was significantly higher than W'0 and W'1 in 2005-2006 growing season. Water had a key regulation effect on the content of protein components of wheat grain. In 2004-2005 growing season, the treatment W1's grain had lower gliadin content, higher HMW-GS content, glutenin content, grain protein content, wet gluten content, and longer dough development time and dough stability time than treatment W2's grain. It was beneficial to improve the grain quality of Jimai20 (a winter wheat cultivar with strong gluten). In 2005-2006 growing season, the treatment W'2 had the highest content of HMW-GS and glutenin of wheat grain, and it was in accordance with the change tendency of grain protein content, dough development time and dough stability time of wheat grain. 【Conclusion】 As far as water-saving, high-yield and good-quality were concerned in the experiment, the most appropriate irrigation treatment for recommendation was the one which irrigated 60 mm water at jointing stage and anthesis stage respectively.