不同授粉组合对‘富士’和‘新红星’苹果品质的影响

【目的】探讨不同授粉品种对苹果品质和香气物质成分差异的影响,为高效授粉树的选育和苹果品质的提高提供依据。【方法】采用自育高效授粉树‘红菱’‘红锦’‘红雾’的花粉,在‘富士’(Malus domestica‘Fuji’)、‘新红星’(M.domestica‘Starkrimson’)铃铛花期进行授粉,以授‘嘎拉’(M.domestica‘Gala’)花粉的果实为对照,对果实发育期间总类黄酮含量的变化进行研究,并在果实成熟时测定可溶性固形物、花色苷含量等品质指标及香气物质成分。【结果】不同的授粉品种条件下,‘富士’和‘新红星’苹果除可滴定酸外的各项品质指标均高于对照。‘富士’苹果经‘红菱’授粉后,其果形指数、硬度、花色苷、可溶性糖含量显著提高,分别为对照的1.12、1.15、1.28、1.12倍。‘新红星’苹果经‘红雾’授粉后,其单果重、果形指数、花色苷、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量均显著提高,分别为对照的1.22、1.12、2.48、1.10、1.11倍,其可滴定酸含量显著降低,仅为对照的75%。在果实发育的整个生长期内,不同授粉品种处理的‘富士’和‘新红星’苹果总类黄酮含量均高于对照,且不同品种间存在显著差异。在花后160 d,‘富士’经‘红菱’‘红锦’‘红雾’花粉授粉后,果实内总类黄酮含量与对照相比分别增长19.63%、28.72%、13.97%,‘新红星’在花后120 d分别增长14.18%、15.26%、4.24%,差异显著。‘红菱’‘红雾’‘红锦’和对照授粉处理的‘富士’和‘新红星’苹果总酯类挥发性物质的相对含量分别为50.20%、52.03%、42.68%、45.10%和71.08%、68.85%、71.83%、66.03%,‘红菱’授粉后‘富士’‘新红星’果实总酯类挥发性物质含量明显增加,其中2-甲基丁酸乙酯的含量分别为对照的1.14和203.91倍。‘富士’苹果中,‘红菱’‘红雾’‘红锦’授粉处理的果实乙酸-2-甲基丁酯的含量分别为对照的1.73、1.07、1.36倍;其己酸乙酯和乙酸丁酯的含量分别为对照的1.09、1.12、1.29倍和1.50、0.77、1.30倍。而在‘新红星’苹果中,经‘红菱’‘红雾’‘红锦’授粉后,乙酸-2-甲基丁酯和己酸乙酯的含量分别为对照的1.82、1.27、0.93倍和2.57、1.15、0.27倍;乙酸丁酯的含量分别为对照的7.83、3.48、3.30倍。此外,‘富士’和‘新红星’苹果经‘红菱’授粉后,其烃类物质含量明显高于对照,主要表现为法呢烯的增多。【结论】高效授粉树能显著提高‘富士’和‘新红星’苹果的外观和内在品质,并且与对照存在显著差异。不同授粉组合对‘富士’和‘新红星’苹果品质影响差异较大,经‘红菱’授粉,‘富士’和‘新红星’苹果品质有显著提高。

Effects of Different Pollination Combinations on the Fruit Quality of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’ Apple

【Objective】The objective of this study is to explore the effect of different pollination cultivars on apple quality and volatile substance, and to provide a basis for the breeding of efficient self-pollination trees and improvement of apple fruit quality.【Method】This study investigated the apple cultivars including ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’, which were pollinated before the blooming period by pollen from efficient pollination trees ‘Hongling’ ‘Hongjin’ ‘Hongwu’, ‘Gala’ pollen was served as a control. The content of flavonoids in fruits was measured at fruit development stage every 20 days. The external and internal quality of fruits at maturity stage were determined, such as fruit weight, fruit shape, fruit hardness, volatile substances and peel anthocyanin content.【Result】Except for titratable acid, the quality indexes of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’ apple fruits were higher than those of the control under the conditions of different pollination trees. After the ‘Fuji’ apple was pollinated by ‘Hongling’, its fruit shape index, hardness, anthocyanin and soluble sugar content increased significantly, 1.12, 1.15, 1.28 and 1.12 times as much as that of the control, respectively. After the ‘Starkrimson’ apple was pollinated by ‘Hongwu’, its single fruit weight, fruit shape index, anthocyanin, soluble solids, and soluble sugar content all increased significantly, 1.22, 1.12, 2.48, 1.10 and 1.11 times as much as that of the control, respectively. The titratable acid content was significantly reduced, only 75% of the control. During the whole growth period of fruit development, the content of flavonoids in apples of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’ treated by different pollination trees was higher than that of the control, and there were significant differences among different cultivars. At 160 d after flowering, the content of flavonoids in the fruit of ‘Fuji’ pollinated by ‘Hongling’ ‘Hongjin’ and ‘Hongwu’ increased by 19.63%, 28.72%, and 13.97%, respectively. At 120 d after flowering, the content of flavonoids in ‘Starkrimson’ apples increased by 14.18%, 15.26%, and 4.24%, respectively. The difference was significant. The relative contents of total ester volatiles in ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’ apple fruits pollinated by ‘Hongling’ ‘Hongwu’ ‘Hongjin’ and control pollination were 50.20%, 52.03%, 42.68%, 45.10%, and 71.08%, 68.85%, 71.83%, 66.03%. After pollinated by ‘Hongling’, the content of total ester volatile substances in fruits of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’ increased significantly, the content of ethyl 2-methyl-butyrate was 1.14 and 203.91 times as much as that of the control, respectively. In ‘Fuji’ apple, the content of 2-methyl-butyl acetate in pollination fruits of ‘Hongling’ ‘Hongwu’ and ‘Hongjin’ was 1.73, 1.07 and 1.36 times as much as that of the control, respectively. The content of ethyl caproate and butyl acetate was 1.09, 1.12, 1.29 and 1.50, 0.77, 1.30 times as much as that of the control, respectively. In ‘Starkrimson’ apple, the content of 2-methyl-butyl acetate and ethyl caproate was 1.82, 1.27, 0.93 and 2.57, 1.15, 0.27 times as much as that of the control after pollinated by ‘Hongling’ ‘Hongwu’ and ‘Hongjin’, respectively, the content of butyl acetate was 7.83, 3.48 and 3.30 times as much as that of the control. In addition, the content of hydrocarbons of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’ apples after pollinated by ‘Hongling’ was higher than that of the control, which mainly showed the increase in farnesene. 【Conclusion】The appearance and intrinsic quality of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’ were improved significantly by high efficient pollination trees. The effect of different pollination combinations on the quality of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’ apples was significantly different. After pollinated by ‘Hongling’, the quality of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Starkrimson’apple fruits was significantly improved.