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不同耕作方式和雨强对紫色土养分流失的影响
引用本文:林超文,陈一兵,黄晶晶,涂仕华,庞良玉.不同耕作方式和雨强对紫色土养分流失的影响[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(10):2241-2249.
作者姓名:林超文  陈一兵  黄晶晶  涂仕华  庞良玉
作者单位:1. 四川农业大学动物科技学院,雅安,625014;四川省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所,成都,610066
2. 四川省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所,成都,610066
基金项目:国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划);国家科技支撑计划;国际植物营养研究所及四川省科技厅应用基础项目
摘    要: 【目的】揭示紫色土地区坡耕地常用农耕措施在不同雨强条件下对土壤养分流失途径及流失量的影响规律,为紫色土坡耕地培肥及养分流失治理提供理论依据。【方法】本研究采用两因素、三水平、三重复随机区组试验,利用人工降雨装置模拟3种不同强度的降雨,采用模拟径流小区观测地表径流量、壤中流量、泥沙侵蚀量及取样分析养分流失量。【结果】在耕作方式相同时,雨强越大,地表径流量越大,地下径流量减少,总径流量增加,不利于土壤保蓄雨水和含水量的提高。在相同雨强条件下,平作的地表径流量最大,土壤侵蚀也最剧烈。横坡垄作在中小雨强条件下控制地表径流和侵蚀的效果非常明显,但在大雨强条件下,控制径流和泥沙的效果减弱; 横坡垄作有增加地下径流和氮流失量的趋势。在本试验条件下,约1%的化肥氮(速效氮)被雨水淋洗出土体并排放到环境中;而速效磷的流失量只占化肥磷的万分之三至万分之十,流失量很小。【结论】紫色土坡耕地磷素流失的载体是泥沙,流失量更易受雨强的影响,要控制磷的流失,首先应防止土壤侵蚀;横坡垄作能够有效控制土壤侵蚀,因此,也能较好控制磷流失。紫色土坡耕地氮流失载体在雨强较小时是径流,径流中又以地下径流为主,要控制氮流失,首先必须控制地下径流;传统的横坡垄作会加大地下径流量,也就加大了氮的流失。全面控制紫色土的氮、磷损失,必须采用控蚀耕作、增厚土层、提升土壤有机质等综合措施。

关 键 词:雨强  农艺措施  紫色土  养分流失  土壤侵蚀
收稿时间:2007-3-2
修稿时间:2007-03-02

Effect of Different Cultivation Methods and Rain Intensity on Soil Nutrient Loss from a Purple Soil
LIN Chao-wen,CHEN Yi-bing,HUANG Jing-jing,TU Shi-hua,PANG Liang-yu.Effect of Different Cultivation Methods and Rain Intensity on Soil Nutrient Loss from a Purple Soil[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2007,40(10):2241-2249.
Authors:LIN Chao-wen  CHEN Yi-bing  HUANG Jing-jing  TU Shi-hua  PANG Liang-yu
Abstract:Non-point pollution to the environment originated from agricultural activities has increasingly drawn concern globally. Though numerous studies have been aimed at this subject, those involving effect of cropping patterns on nutrient loss are rare. The influences of rain intensity and cropping patterns on N and P losses were studied using a completed randomized block experiment adopting artificial rains onto the simulated runoff blocks. Results showed that the amounts of both surface and total runoff were coincided with rain intensity, while the underground runoff was negatively correlated with rain intensity. High rain intensity tended to undermine penetration of rain water into soil and thus reduced soil moisture. At same rain intensity, flat cultivation produced maximal surface runoff and soil erosion. Contour cultivation, however, seemed ideal in controlling soil erosion and surface runoff at small to medium rain intensity, but this effect was weakened at heavy rain intensity. Furthermore, it tended to elevate underground runoff that was responsible for main loss of N. It was observed that P was predominantly lost to sediment and highly correlated with rain intensity. At small to medium rain intensity, N was carried away from the plot by runoff, especially by underground runoff. Thus, it is very crucial to make underground runoff under control in order to control N loss to environment. As for P, any methods to effectively stop soil erosion are the solutions. Under the conditions of this experiment, about 1% of fertilizer N (available N) was leached out of the soil and became the non-point pollutant to environment; while for P, its loss to environment was very minor, only accounting for less than 0.3‰ to 1‰ of fertilizer P applied.
Keywords:Rain intensity  Cultivation method  Purple soil  Nutrient loss  Soil erosion
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