Complexity of coupled human and natural systems |
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Authors: | Liu Jianguo Dietz Thomas Carpenter Stephen R Alberti Marina Folke Carl Moran Emilio Pell Alice N Deadman Peter Kratz Timothy Lubchenco Jane Ostrom Elinor Ouyang Zhiyun Provencher William Redman Charles L Schneider Stephen H Taylor William W |
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Institution: | Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. jliu@panda.msu.edu |
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Abstract: | Integrated studies of coupled human and natural systems reveal new and complex patterns and processes not evident when studied by social or natural scientists separately. Synthesis of six case studies from around the world shows that couplings between human and natural systems vary across space, time, and organizational units. They also exhibit nonlinear dynamics with thresholds, reciprocal feedback loops, time lags, resilience, heterogeneity, and surprises. Furthermore, past couplings have legacy effects on present conditions and future possibilities. |
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