长期施肥模式对双季水稻生理特性与产量的影响

为探明双季稻区不同施肥模式下双季水稻生理特性及产量的变化,本研究依托设置在湖南宁乡的长期大田定位试验,自1986年—至今,共设化肥(MF)、秸秆还田+化肥(RF)、30%有机肥(LOM)、60%有机肥(HOM)和无肥对照(CK)5种施肥处理,于2015—2016年取样,系统分析不同处理双季水稻植株叶片保护性酶活性、光合特性及产量的变化。结果表明,施肥条件下,早、晚稻各生育时期叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性提高,丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量降低,叶片净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)大小顺序分别表现为LOMHOMRFMFCK和RFLOMHOMMFCK;叶片气孔导度(Gs)均表现为HOMLOMRF MFCK。2个年份的早稻产量均以LOM和HOM处理为最高,分别比CK处理增加3 582.5~3 650.0kg/hm~2和2 569.5~2 641.5kg/hm~2;晚稻产量均以RF和LOM处理为最高,分别比CK处理增加2 480.0~2 757.5kg/hm~2和2 827.5~3 118.5kg/hm~2。总的来说,有机肥与化肥配合施用有利于提高双季水稻叶片保护性酶活性和光合特性。

Effects of different long-term fertilization managements on the physiological characteristics of leaves and yield of rice in double cropping paddy field

The aim of this study was to explore the physiological characteristics of leaves and grain yield of rice under different long-term fertilizer regimes in a double cropping rice system. The protective enzyme activities and photosynthetic characteristics of rice leaves, and grain yield of rice were analyzed by using conventional physiological and biochemical experimental analysis methods from 2015 to 2016 based on the long-term fertilizer experiment. The experiment included five different fertilizer treatments:Without fertilizer input (CK), mineral fertilizer alone (MF), rice residue and mineral fertilizer (RF), 30% organic matter and 70% mineral fertilizer (LOM), and 60% organic matter and 40% mineral fertilizer (HOM). The results showed that the activities of SOD, POD and CAT of rice leaves were increased under MF, RF, LOM, HOM treatments compared with those in CK at main different growth stages of early and late rice. Meanwhile, compared with CK, the MDA and Pro contents in rice leaves were decreased under MF, RF, LOM, and HOM treatments at main different growth stages of early and late rice. The P_n, T_r in rice leaves under different fertilizer treatments was decreased in the order of LOM > HOM > RF > MF > CK and RF > LOM > HOM > MF > CK at main different growth stages of early and late rice, respectively. Meanwhile, the G_s in rice leaves under different fertilizer treatments was decreased in the order of HOM > LOM > RF > MF > CK at main different growth stages of early and late rice. The grain yield of early rice with LOM and HOM treatments were higher than those of the other fertilizer treatments and the grain yield of late rice with RF and LOM treatments were higher than those of the other fertilizer treatments, respectively. In 2015 and 2016, the yield of early rice was increased by 3 582.5-3 650.0 kg/hm² and 2 569.5-2 641.5 kg/hm² under LOM and HOM treatments compared to the CK, respectively. The grain yield of late rice were increased by 2 480.0-2 757.5 kg/hm² and 2 827.5-3 118.5 kg/hm² with RF and LOM treatments in 2015 and 2016, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicated that the long-term combined application of chemical fertilizer with organic manure management was an effective way to improve protective enzyme activities and photosynthetic characteristics in rice leaves.