林业生物质能源“林油一体化”产业高效可持续发展路径研究

目的林业生物质能源“林油一体化”产业（以下简称“林油一体化”产业）是指以生物质能源企业为主，将原料林培育、生物柴油等系列产品生产相结合的产业；本文旨在提出我国“林油一体化”产业可持续发展路径，推动产业发展。方法通过相关企业调研、原料林林地调查、生物柴油全生命周期CO_2eq排放量测算、原料林培育及产品生产经济效益测算等，研究产业发展现状、原料林不同培育模式及不同产业链的经济效益。结果（1）产业已形成一定规模的原料林培育基地，企业创新了一系列具有自主知识产权的生物柴油及其他生物燃油的生产工艺；（2）生产1 t无患子生物柴油，原料林固定CO₂量25.38 t，全生命周期CO_2eq排放量为? 19.41 t，与石化柴油相比，减排量达621.77%；（3）多数原料林为实生栽培模式，未实现良种化，缺乏集约经营，结果晚、产量低、成本高；以20年为项目周期，果实价格4元/kg计，实生栽培模式原料林约亏损1 687.68元/（hm2·a），高接换头模式年均利润为419.57元/（hm2·a）；但若形成无性系栽培模式，在第10年可收回成本，年均利润为2 675.55元/（hm2·a）；若再按2019年的市场平均价格9元/kg计算，则在第5年即可收回成本，年均利润达20 675元/（hm2·a），经济效益将大幅度提升；（4）1 t无患子干果生产生物柴油平均盈利18.65元，生产皂苷类产品平均盈利6 573.3元，若形成完整的油?皂?碳?林多联产产品生产线，年处理5 000 t干果的净收益为5 566.4万元。结论“优良无性系种植园模式+多联产产业链模式”是未来产业高效可持续发展的理想模式；为进一步促进产业的可持续发展，建议政府出台相关政策保障产业优先享受营造林普惠财政补贴政策、国家种业和良种优惠政策、财税优惠政策，并强制石化柴油中配比生物柴油，拓宽生物柴油的推广应用渠道。 

Efficient and sustainable development path of forest-based bioenergy “forestry-oil integration” industry

ObjectiveForest-based bioenergy “forestry-oil integration” industry (hereinafter referred to as the “forestry-oil integration” industry) is main consisted by biomass energy enterprises, which combines feedstock forest cultivation with series product production, such as biodiesel products. This paper aims to optimize the development pattern, and promote the development of industry.MethodBased on the survey of related companies, investigation of feedstock plantations, calculation of carbon emissions on soapberry biodiesel by lifecycle assessment, estimating on profits of feedstock forests cultivation and product production, etc., this paper analyzes the current situation of “forestry-oil integration” industry in China, and the economic benefits of different cultivation patterns and different industry chains.Result(1) The industry had basically formed a certain scale of feedstock forests base, and most companies had already created a series of biodiesel production processes and products with independent intellectual property. (2) The amount of CO₂ sequestration of feedstock forest reached 25.38 t while producing 1 t of biodiesel; the CO_2eq emissions of lifecycle was ? 19.41 t, which had decreased by 621.77% compared with petroleum diesel. (3) Most feedstock forests were cultivated by seeding pattern with extensive management, late fruit stage, low yield and high cost; taking 20 years as the project lifecycle, the fruit selling price was 4 RMB/kg (year 2017), the seeding cultivation pattern would loss about 1 687.68 RMB/(ha·yr), and the high scion & head-changing pattern would have an average annual profit of 419.57 RMB/(ha·yr); if the clone’s cultivation mode was formed, the costs would be recovered in the 10th year, and the annual profit was 2 675.55 RMB/(ha·yr), which could greatly improve the economic benefit; If the fruits selling price was 9 RMB/kg (year 2019), the costs would be recovered in the 5th year, and the annual profit was 20 675 RMB/(ha·yr). (4) The average profit was 18.65 RMB when using 1 t of soapberry dried fruit to produce biodiesel, and the average profit of saponin products was 6 573.3 RMB; if poly-generation products production line was formed, it could be estimated that the total income would increase to 55.66 million RMB.Conclusion“Clones plantation culture pattern + poly-generation industry chain pattern” was the ideal pattern for development of the industry, which would promote comprehensive benefits. In addition, in view of industrial supporting policies, four suggestions were proposed, i.e., enjoying inclusive financial subsidy policy, enjoying National Seed Industry and improved variety preferential policies, enjoying fiscal and tax preferential policies and requiring the proportion of biodiesel in petroleum diesel.