低质林改造对资源消耗及生态环境的影响

依据生命周期评价理论,应用清单过程的分析方法,对小兴安岭地区低质林改造作业系统产生的资源消耗、能源消耗以及污染物排放进行了量化分析;应用Eco-indicator 99生态指数分析方法,对低质林改造过程中产生的资源消耗以及环境影响进行分析评价。结果表明:在10 m×100 m水平改造带、保留带宽为10 m的改造模式下,低质林改造林地平均出材量为36 m~3/hm~2;低质林改造作业过程中,对自然资源消耗最多的是原油(29.79kg/hm~2),其次是N、P、K、石灰石、生铁、原煤;对环境排放最多的物质是CO2(131.45 kg/hm~2),其次是NOx、CO、PM、SO_2、HC、CH4。低质林采伐改造过程产生的环境负荷,占全过程产生环境负荷的79%,约为更新抚育过程产生的环境负荷的4倍。其中:运材过程和运苗过程产生的环境负荷,分别是低质林采伐改造和更新抚育2个作业系统中对环境负荷产生影响最大的作业过程,共占低质林改造作业全过程产生环境负荷的63.9%。低质林改造生命周期,生态环境指标分数为5.751/hm~2,三大类环境影响损害值,从大到小依次为:资源消耗(3.250/hm~2)、人体健康(2.400/hm~2)、生态环境(0.101/hm~2),表明低质林改造作业过程对资源消耗的影响大于对生态环境的影响。

Effect of Low-quality Forest Transformation on Resources Consumption and Ecological Environment

According to the life cycle assessment theory, the analytical method based on inventory process was adopted to quanti-tatively analyze the resource consumption, energy consumption as well as pollutants emissions of low-quality forest transfor-mation operation system in the Xiaoxing' an Mountains.The Eco-indicator 99 method was used to analyze the environmental impacts caused by the low-quality forest transformation activities.Under the transformation mode of 10 m×100 m horizontal harvesting strips with retention strip width of 10 m, the average timber production was 36 m3/hm2 ,and the most consumed natural resource was crude oil (29.79 kg/hm2), followed by N, P, K,limestone , crude iron, and coal.The most emis-sions come from CO2(131.45 kg/hm2), followed by NOx, CO, PM, SO2 , HC, and CH4.The environmental load caused by harvesting activities accounted for 79％of the total environmental load of the entire transformation process, which is 4 times of that caused by the regeneration activities.The wood transportation and seedling transportation process were the lar-gest operation process, respectively, in the harvesting and regeneration&tending stages, accounting for 63.9％of the total environmental load.The value of the ecological indicator was 57.51 /hm2 , including 3.250/hm2 for resources consumption, 2.400/hm2 for human health, and 0.101/hm2 for ecological environment, indicating that the environmental impact on re-sources consumption was far beyond that on ecological environment.