不同倍性柿品种的杂交亲和性及结实性研究

【目的】通过对部分柿品种杂交亲和性的研究，为柿杂交育种亲本的选择及杂交组合的选配提供理论依据。【方法】采用“杂3-2”、“禅寺丸”、“杂4-2”和“正月”4个雄株作父本，“黑柿”、“干帽盔”、“野柿”、“平核无”、“金枣柿”和“阳丰”6个雌株作母本，设置自然授粉（对照）、套袋不授粉、套袋后进行无生活力花粉授粉和有生活力花粉不同组合杂交授粉4种处理，利用离体萌发法比较雄株的花粉生活力，利用荧光显微镜观察柿不同杂交组合的亲和性，并比较不同杂交组合的坐果率、单果种子数和无籽果实率。【结果】4个雄株花粉生活力由大到小依次为“杂3-2”（52.53%）>“禅寺丸”(48.13%)>“杂4-2”（40.02%）>“正月”（34.10%）。在24个杂交组合中，相同倍性的父本与母本杂交，柱头乳突细胞表面均无胼胝质（“阳丰”与各雄株杂交情况除外），且花粉粒在柱头上粘附萌发形成大量的花粉管并不同程度地参与了受精；不同倍性的父本与母本杂交，柱头上粘附的花粉粒少，柱头胼胝质的形成阻碍了花粉的萌发。24个杂交组合中，坐果率和单果种子数最高的组合为“黑柿”ד杂3-2”，分别为74.44%和4.00；坐果率最低的组合为“金枣柿”ד正月”，坐果率和单果种子数分别为22.22%和0.10，且人工授粉处理的坐果率和单果种子数均高于自然授粉处理。通过比较不同授粉方式下6个雌株的无籽果实率可知，“干帽盔”、“阳丰”、“平核无”存在真单性和刺激性单性结实现象，“黑柿”存在刺激性单性结实现象，“野柿”、“金枣柿”存在假单性结实现象。【结论】柿不同雄株间的花粉生活力存在差异；相同倍性的父本与母本杂交亲和性大于不同倍性间父本与母本杂交；人工授粉能明显提高各杂交组合的坐果率和单果种子数。

Study on cross compatibility and fecundity of different ploidy persimmon cultivars

【Objective】 Cross compatibility on different ploidy persimmon cultivars was studied to provide theoretical basis for the selection of hybrid breeding parent and cross combination.【Method】 "Za 3-2","Zenjimaru","Za 4-2" and "Shougatsu" were chosen as male plant and "Heishi","Ganmaokui","Yeshi","Hiratanenashi","Jinzaoshi" and "Youhou" as female plants.Natural pollination,bagged not pollination,non-vitality pollen pollination were normal pollen pollination.Pollen viability was observed by culture in vitro.Cross compatibility among different hybridized combinations was determined using fluorescence microscope.Fruit setting rate resulted from different combinations of crossing was calculated.【Result】 The rank of male plants pollen viability of four cultivars from the highest to the lowest was "Za 3-2"(52.53%)>"Zenjimaru"(48.13%)>"Za 4-2"(40.02%)>"Shougatsu"(34.10%).Among the 24 hybridized combinations,the male parents were crossed with the female parents having the same ploidy levels.No callus was formed on the stigma cellulaemastoideae and abundant number of pollen tubes was established by germinating pollens.On the other hand,the male parents were crossed with female parents having different ploidy levels.Only a small number of pollens adhered to the stigma and the pollen germination was impeded by callus deposition.And among the 24 hybridized combinations "Heshi"×"Za 3-2" had the highest fruit setting rate(74.44%)and signal seed number(4.00),while "Jinzaoshi"×"Shougatsu" had the lowest fruit setting rate(22.22%)and signal seed number(0.10).The phenomenon of parthenocarpic and sti-parthenocarpic was observed in "Ganmaokui","Youhou","Hiratanenashi".The phenomenon of sti-parthenocarpic was observed in ’Heshi’.The phenomenon of non-parthenocarpic was observed in "Yeshi","Jinzaoshi".【Conclusion】 The cross compatibility and fruit setting rate varied among different cultivars,and the cross compatibility index had close correlation with fruit setting rate.