马铃薯生物工程技术的研究

本文简要报道了近年来在马铃薯生物工程方面研究的结果。在染色体工程方面,深入研究了花药培养诱导双单倍体及一倍体的方法,扩大了诱导范围,提高了诱导频率,获得了大量双单倍体品系,为马铃薯育种提供了一批有价值的材料,有些材料正在育种方案中应用。用花药培养法从双单倍体诱导出了一批一倍体植株,并且首次发现从雄性不育双单倍体能诱导出一倍体植株。这些植株表现型分离广泛,无一相同的植株,说明均来自减数分裂后的细胞而不是来自花药壁的体细胞。一倍体植株均具有2n=X=12的染色体数,减数分裂不正常,无有效花粉形成,有些植株虽可产生浆果,但无种子。对染色体加倍方法研究的结果表明,用双单倍体或一倍体试管苗的茎段或叶片诱导愈伤组织然后再分化植株的方法加倍的效果最好。在细胞工程方面,对马铃薯原生质体的培养方法进行了一系列改进,建立了一套简便易行的方法,大大提高了效率,从一些品种(品系)中诱导出了原生质体植株。在基因工程方面,研究了用土壤农杆菌对马铃薯进行单转化和复合转化的方法,建立起了一套有效的转化系统。用致癌和致根农杆菌进行复合转化得到了复合转化植株。这些植株具有茎粗壮、叶片皱缩等特性,其根的生长仍保持致根农杆菌转化毛根向上或平行生长的特性。

Studies on Biotechnology in Potato

In the present paper,the results of biotechnology studies in potato have been reported briefly.On chromosome engineering,the methods of inducing dihaploid and monoploid of potato by anther culture were studied.The induction range and frequency were increased,and a number of dihaploid plants were obtained.It offered many valuable materials for potato breeding, and some of them arc being used in our potato breeding project.A numder of monoploid plants were induced from dihaploids by anther culture.It was found that the monoploid plants could be induced from the male-sterile dihaploids by anther culture.The monoploid plants exhibited a extensive segregation,they have abnormal miosis and some of them can produce some berries but no seeds in them.It was proved that the method of inducing calli from the segments of stems or leaves of test tube dihaploid plants and then regenerating plantlets was the best one for doubling the number of potato chromosomes.On somatic cell engineering,the procedures of isolating and culturing potato protoplasts were improved.A more efficient and simple procedure was established.Some plants derived from protoplasts were obtained. On gene engineering,the methods of single and multiple transformation with Agrobacterium were studied.It was proved that transformation frequency could be increased by the use of hypocotyls and cotyledons of pure potato seedlings.The multiple transformed cells and tissues could be obtained by the use of onestep or twostep infection methods with Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A.rhizogenes,from which the transformed plantlets were induced.They have special phenotype:the leaves become thick and wrinkle,the roots still keep the special feature of the hairy roots transformed by A·rhizogenes-grow upwards or horizontally.