旱塬区果园土壤养分与施肥状况及对策

以渭北旱塬永寿县苹果园土壤和养分管理为研究对象,采用调查法、实验法、比较分析法,对研究区果园施肥问题、土壤肥力现状进行深入研究,结果表明：研究区果农施肥观念落后、施肥带有一定的盲目性和随意性,重化肥轻有机肥,肥料结构不合理、忽视养分配比,农户间施肥量、施肥方法、施肥时期、施肥水平差异较大。通过对36个果园土壤养分测定结果显示,土壤平均有机质13.1 g·kg^-1、碱解氮83.9 mg·kg^-1、速效磷16.7 { mg·kg^-1 },速效钾136.4 mg·kg^-1,pH 8.13。土壤总体养分表现为“低有机质、低氮、中磷、较高钾、低微、弱碱”总体上土壤肥力质量较差。建议增强科学施肥意识、增施有机肥,用有机肥替代部分化肥,注意“增氮、稳磷,控钾、补微”,协调养分供应,做到测土精准施肥、适期施肥、改进施肥方法、加强土壤管理,为优质果园土壤培肥、科学施肥提供理论和实践依据。

Current Situation of Soil Nutrient and Fertilization in Apple Orchards in Weibei Dryland and Its Countermeasures

Taking soil and nutrient management in apple orchards of Yongshou county in Weibei dryland as research object, the problems in fertilization and soil fertility situation were further studied by means of investigation, experiment and comparative analysis. The results showed that the fertilization minds for apple-growers were backward, they were blind and random in fertilization and focused on application of chemical fertilizer more than organic fertilizer. The fertilizer structure was unreasonable and nutrient ratio was ignored. There were great differences in fertilization amount, fertilization method, fertilization period and fertilization level. The soil nutrient from 36 apple orchards showed that the average soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium were 13.1 g·kg^-1, 83.9mg·kg^-1, 16.7mg·kg^-1 and 136.4mg·kg^-1, respectively, and the pH was 8.13. The overall nutrient of soil was "low organic matter, low nitrogen, medium phosphorus, high potassium, low micro and weak alkali", and the overall soil fertility quality was poor. It is suggested enhanceing scientific fertilization awareness, increasing the application of organic fertilizer, replacing some chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizer, paying attention to "increasing nitrogen, stabilizing phosphorus, controlling potassium and supplementing micro", and coordinating nutrient supply, apply fertilizer accurately by soil measurement, so as to improve fertilization methods and strengthen soil management and provide theoretical and practical basis for high-quality apple orchard soil fertility and scientific fertilization. ;