试论莎士比亚笔下的哈姆雷特

本文以十六世纪前后英国历史转变的情况入手,从经济、政治和文艺的关系,说明了文艺复兴的时代背景及人文主义的产生。莎士比亚在这一时代背景和人文主义的影响下,写出了他的不朽名著《哈姆雷特》一剧。哈姆雷特这一人文主义的典型人物,在莎氏的笔下,把复仇和实现理想结合起来,从受到一系列严重打击而“垮”了的情况下,最后报了杀父之仇。本文分析指出了《哈姆雷特》之所以是个悲剧的主要点是在于主人翁没有完成他最高的理想:重整脱了节的时代,建立起他理想的社会。其原因是时代和哈姆雷特思想和地位的局限。他没有也不可能与人民群众一起,铲除邪恶,实现他人文主义的理想。

APRELIMINARY DISCUSSION ON HAMLET UNEDER SHAKESPEARE'S PEN

Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in the worle literature and the summit of English Renaissance. Living in the historical period of the transition from feudalism to capitalism, Shakespeare painted, through his great plays, a panorama of the decline of the old feudal nobility and the rise of the new Tudor monarchy, Which represented the interests of the English bourgeoisie. "Hamlet" is considered the best of Shakespeare's plays. The story comes from an old Danish legend. But under Shakespeare's pen, the medieval story assumed new meaning and became permeated with the spirit of Shakespare's own timed——humanism. In the play, the hero Hamlet is a humanist, who has an unbounded love for the world rather than for heaven. His father's sudden death, his mother's hasty marriage sith his uncle and the crime of his uncle drive him to penetrate below the surface of things. He discovers how wicked and unjust the world he lives in is. He burns with the hatred of his uncle and takes a solemn oath to avenge the triple wrong of the murder. But in his repeated meditation upon the crime of his uncle, he seems to understand that his mere revenge upon his uncle would in no way solve the problems that trouble and upset him. Revenge is easy,but it is not mere personal revenge that Hamlet seeks. What is more important is to expose and do away with the roots of the evil and to establish a reign of justice. Thus the shock of a dreadful personal wrong awakens him to the realizatioh of a great responsibility, the reformation of the world as a whole. But to realise his ideal in his own time was beyond him. He does not and can't fight against the evil together with the people. He killed the King——his uncle,and he has revenged for his father. But he himself dies,too. He has not finished his noble task——to reform the world and build up a society of justice. This is where Hamlet's tragedy lies. Hamlet is a hero of the Renaissance. His learning, wisdom, noble nature, as well as his limitation and gragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the century.