禽流感病毒疫苗研究进展

疫苗接种仍然是防控禽流感的最有效措施之一,目前有紧急接种、预防接种、系统接种及替代接种等4种常见形式。禽流感疫苗的主要类型包括灭活全病毒疫苗、亚单位疫苗、重组病毒载体疫苗、DNA疫苗、复制缺陷型疫苗、病毒样颗粒疫苗及通用疫苗等,影响其免疫效果的因素有免疫原选择及佐剂类型、病毒变异、决策机构的反应速度、免疫覆盖率、疫苗质量及稳定性、遗传结构及机体免疫状态、加强免疫方案等。鉴于传统禽流感疫苗不能对不同亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）及变异株提供交叉保护,且所使用的油佐剂副作用较大,对动物机体损伤较严重,今后应加强研制新型免疫佐剂及其他更安全高效的新型疫苗来弥补现有禽流感疫苗的不足。

Research updates of vaccines against avian influenza virus

Vaccination is still one of the most effective ways to control and prevent influenza virus infections. To date, there are four types of commonly-used vaccination strategies： emergency vaccination, preventive vaccination,systematic vaccination, and alternative vaccination. The major types of avian influenza vaccines include inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, recombinant virus vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, virus-like particle vaccines and universal vaccines. The factors that influence the efficacy of vaccines include selection of immunogens, combinational use of adjuvants, viral antigenic variations, response speed from decision-makers, coverage of vaccination, quality and stability of vaccines, genetic make-up and immune status, as well as prime-boost strategies. Traditional avian influenza vaccines cannot provide cross-protection against different subtypes of avian influenza viruses and the mutant strains of avian influenza viruses. The oil-formulated vaccines induce more side effects, and cause relatively severe damage to animals. More research should be focused on development of novel adjuvants with improved safety and immunity as well as other safe, effective and novel vaccines to compensate for the weakness of currently used avian influenza vaccines.