我国水稻航天诱变育种的研究动态及展望

水稻航天诱变育种是将水稻干种子搭载返回式航天器(卫星),经过空间诱变作用产生变异,在地面选择有益变异培育新种质、新品种的育种方法。与常规育种相比,航天诱变育种具有诱变频率高、变异幅度大、育种周期短、有利突变体多等特点。目前普遍认同产生变异的主要因素有微重力、强幅射、转座子活化和高真空等,并从分子生物学、生物化学水平以及细胞学水平开展空间诱变机理研究,取得了可喜进展。我国自1988年首次通过卫星搭载开展水稻航天诱变育种以来,已有9个育成品种通过了省级审定,其中“华航一号”等4个品种通过了国家级审定。鉴于水稻航天诱变育种技术具有的独特优势,其可望成为推动21世纪水稻育种的重要手段之一。

Progress and prospects on spaceflight mutation breeding of rice

The spaceflight mutation breeding(RSB) of rice is one of mutation breeding methods that the dried rice seeds are carried in the returnable spacecrafts(satellite) and mutated in the space,then desired mutant traits to be selected based on breeding program to develop new rice germplasms and new varieties in the ground.As compared with the conversational breeding,spaceflight mutation breeding is of high mutagenesis frequency,wide variation extent,short breeding period and more elite mutants,etc.At present,it is generally recognized that the main factors which introduced the mutation include microgravity,intense radiation,transposon activation and high vacuum,etc.The spaceflight mutation mechanism has been studied from molecular biology,biochemistry and cytology and achieved big progress.Up to now,nine rice varieties have passed the provincial evaluation and registration,and four varieties including "Huahang No.1" passed the national evaluation and registration since the spaceflight mutation breeding by satellite was firstly studied in 1988.In view of the distinctive superiority of spaceflight mutation breeding technology of rice,it will become an important method to promote the rice breeding in 21 century.