水稻免耕抛秧技术研究进展

水稻免耕抛秧是免耕栽培方式的一种,免耕抛秧技术突破了传统的精耕细作观念,结合免耕和抛秧的特点,减少翻耕整地带来的水土流失,可以保护土壤结构,具省工省力等特点。近年来,通过对水稻免耕抛秧技术的研究,表明水稻采用免耕抛秧技术,虽减少总分蘖数,但无效分蘖时间短,营养损耗少,个体发育健壮,且与群体发育协调,利于提高成穗率和结实率,穗大粒多,提高产量;可改善土壤理化性状及土壤水、热、气、肥条件,提高土壤的供肥、保肥能力;改善田间生态环境,提高土壤酶活性及水稻根系的各种酶活性,增强根系活力,为水稻生长及高产创造了良好的条件。在免耕抛秧稻的肥料管理中,以重施前期肥为主,促花保穗肥为辅;增施氮肥有利于提高免耕抛秧稻产量。今后,针对水稻免耕抛秧存在的问题,须加强对其施肥管理、分蘖动态、植株生理特性等方面的研究。

Progress on seedling-broadcast with no-tillage techniques for rice

As one of the no-tillage cultivation,seedling-broadcast with no-tillage techniques has broken through the conception of conventional intensive cultivation.It combines the advantages of no-tillage and seedling-broadcast,reduces water loss and soil erosion,protects soil structure,and can save labour and reduce work load.In recent years,the study on seedling-broadcast with no-tillage techniques for rice showed that although it decreased the total of tillering,it could shorten the time of ineffective tillering with less waste of nutrition,rice individual growth was strong with corresponded colony growth,it was favourable for increasing the panicles formation rate and seed setting rate with large panicles and more grain,and increased the yield of rice.It also could improve soil physical and chemical characteristics and coordinate effectively water,heat,aeration and fertilizer to increase soil fertility.It could improve ecological environment,increase the enzymes activities of soil,strengthen the vigor of root system,and create a good conditions for rice growth and high-yield.For fertilizer management of seedling-broadcast with no-tillage in rice, heavy early-fertilization should be applied and fertilization in promoting flower and protecting panicles should be subsidiary;otherwise,increasing application rate of nitrogen is favor of high yield of rice.In the future,in order to solve the existing problems on seedling-broadcast with no-tillage in rice,researches on fertilizer management,tillering development and physiological characteristics of plant etc should be emphasized.