植物液泡膜H+-ATPase和H+-PPase研究进展

植物液泡膜 ATP 酶（H+-ATPase）和液泡膜焦磷酸酶（H+-PPase）是液泡膜上两个含量丰富的蛋白，其功能的正常发挥在植物生长发育过程中扮演着重要角色。液泡膜 H+-ATPase 和 H+-PPase 水解底物释放能量，同时产生大量 H+由胞质泵入液泡内，形成细胞质与液泡间的 H+ 电化学势梯度，为多种溶质分子的跨膜主动运输提供驱动力，维持细胞内的离子稳态和渗透平衡，为细胞内各种生理生化反应的正常运行提供保障。此外，液泡作为植物细胞离子养分的储存库，其膜上 H+-ATPase 和 H+-PPase 能够通过改变其活性来调控硝酸盐在胞质和液泡间的分配比例，进而影响植物的氮素利用效率。在逆境胁迫条件下，提高液泡膜 H+-ATPase 和 H+-PPase 的活性有利于提高植株对逆境的适应能力，从而减少逆境胁迫对植株生长发育造成的不利影响。介绍了植物液泡膜 H+-ATPase 和 H+-PPase 的结构特征及其在植物生长发育过程中的生理功能，并对其在植物抵御非生物逆境胁迫过程中发挥的重要作用进行阐述，为进一步提高作物的氮素利用率及逆境适应能力提供方向。

Research Progress on Vacuolar H+-ATPase and H+-PPase in Plant

Two proton pumps, vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) and vacuolar H+-PPase (V-PPase), are highly abundant tonoplast proteins and have played important roles in plant growth and development. These 2 proton pumps can hydrolyze substrate to release energy, and meanwhile, create big quantities of proton gradient between cytoplasm and vacuole used to transport compounds against their concentration or electrochemical gradient. These are helpful to maintain the ionic homeostasis and osmotic balance in cells, provide guarantee for all kinds of physiological and biochemical reactions in cells. Besides, when vacuole is used for ion storehouse in plant cell, these 2 proton pumps can regulate the nitrate distribution between cytoplasm and vacuole by changing their activities, leading to different nitrogen use efficiency. The higher activities of two proton pumps are beneficial to improve the resistant ability and reduce the negative effects on plant growth and development under stress conditions. This paper summarized the structure characteristics and physiological function of these 2 proton pumps, and elaborated their important roles in resisting abiotic stress conditions, which provided direction for further raising crop nitrogen use efficiency and adaptive capability to stress conditions.