我国农作物秸秆资源利用特征、技术模式及发展建议

为促进我国秸秆禁烧和综合利用工作,综述了各区域农作物秸秆资源产生、利用现状及现有技术模式。2016年全国秸秆理论资源量达到9.84×108t,可收集量达到8.24×108t,玉米、水稻和小麦三类农作物秸秆占总量的83.51%。秸秆已利用量为6.73×108t,综合利用率达到81.68%,其中肥料化、饲料化、基料化、燃料化、原料化利用率分别为47.20%、17.99%、11.79%、2.23%、2.47%,形成农用为主的综合利用格局。不同区域之间秸秆利用水平差异显著,华北区、西北区、华东区、中南区、西南区、东北区秸秆综合利用率依次为94.73%、89.21%、88.89%、83.01%、74.27%、63.43%。全国秸秆利用技术模式可分为秸秆还田利用型和循环利用型两大类,其中秸秆还田模式主要有玉米秸秆深翻养地还田模式、棉花秸秆深翻还田技术模式、麦秸覆盖玉米秸秆旋耕还田技术模式、少免耕秸秆覆盖还田技术模式、稻麦(油)秸秆粉碎旋耕还田技术模式、秸秆快速腐熟还田技术模式;秸秆循环利用模式主要有秸-饲-肥种养结合技术模式、秸-沼-肥能源生态技术模式、秸-菌-肥基质利用技术模式、秸-炭-肥还田改土技术模式。为进一步促进秸秆综合利用产业化发展,提出了构建整体推进的工作体系、全量利用的技术体系、完善配套的政策体系相互结合的对策建议。

Utilization Characteristics,Technical Model and Development Suggestion on Crop Straw in China

In order to promote the crop straw burning control and comprehensive utilization in China, this paper summarized the current situation of crop straw resources generate and utilization, existing technical models in various regions of China. The amount of straw resources in 2016 reached 9.84×108 t, and the able collected amount reached 8.24×108 t. Maize, rice and wheat straw accounted for 83.51% of the total proportion. The straw utilization amount was 6.73×108 t, and the comprehensive utilization ratio reached 81.68%, among them the utilization rates of fertilizer, fodder, stroma, energy and fuel, raw material were 47.20%, 17.99%, 11.79%, 2.23% and 2.47%, respectively. A comprehensive utilization pattern focused on agriculture usage has been formed. There were significant differences in straw utilization level among different regions. The comprehensive utilization rate in north region, northwest region, east region, central-south region, southwest region, and northeast region were 94.73%, 89.21%, 88.89%, 83.01%, 74.27%, and 63.43%, respectively. The straw utilization patterns could be divided into 2 groups, namely: straw returning to field and recycling utilization. The straw returning field model included 6 modes: Corn straw deep-ploughing returning to field, cotton straw deep-ploughing returning to field, wheat straw covered the field and corn straw return rotary ploughed to filed, less or no-tillage and straw covered the field, rice-wheat (oil) straw crushed and ploughed to filed, straw to filed according decomposed rapidly. The straw recycling utilization mainly include 4 patterns: the straw-feed-fertilizer crop-livestock combination model, straw-marsh-fertilizer energy-ecology model, straw-edible fungi-fertilizer substrate utilization model, and straw-carbon-fertilizer returning to the field and improve the soil model. In order to further promote the development of industry with straw comprehensive utilization, the paper put forward a countermeasure as to build integrated promotion work system, combined with fully utilized technology system, and perfect policy system.