多环境下水稻品质性状的遗传分析

稻米品质性状的遗传分析表明 :三套遗传控制体系对各品质性状具有不同的遗传效应。胚乳核基因主要以加性方式作用于直链淀粉含量、碱消值和粒长 ,以显性方式作用于胶稠度和蛋白质含量 ,粒重的直接加性效应和直接显性效应几乎同等重要 ;而母体植株核基因主要以显性方式作用于直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、碱消值、粒长、粒宽和粒重 ,长宽比的母体加性效应与母体显性效应差异不大。基因型×环境互作对稻米品质性状的影响一般为母体效应×环境互作和细胞质×环境互作 ,但胶稠度、蛋白质含量和粒重三性状还存在直接加性×环境的互作。不同品质性状的遗传率大小、来源均有一定差异 ,直链淀粉含量、碱消值和粒重以直接遗传率为主 ,而胶稠度、蛋白质含量和长宽比以及粒重的互作遗传率主要表现为母体互作遗传率 ,胶稠度主要表现为直接互作遗传率。稻米品质性状的杂种优势包括胚乳直接杂种优势 (简称胚乳杂种优势 )和母体杂种优势。直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、碱消值和粒重既具有胚乳杂种优势 ,又具有母体杂种优势 ;蛋白质含量仅存在胚乳杂种优势 ,而粒长、粒重和长宽比只有母体杂种优势。此外 ,环境对直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和长宽比的杂种优势有较大的影响。

Genetic Analysis of Quality Characters of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Multiple Environments

The results of genetic analysis for main quality traits of rice exhibited as follows：(1)Three sets of genetic control systems had different effects on various quality traits. Endosperm nuclear genes mainly influenced amylose content, gelatinization temperature (alkali digestion value) and grain length with a form of additive effect, mainly influenced gel consistency and protein content with a form of dominent gene action. For grain weight, its additive effect was almost as important as dominent effect. But maternal plant unclear genes mainly controlled amylose content, gel consistency, alkali digestion value, grain length, grain width and grain weight with a form of dominant effect. Maternal additive effect and maternal dominant effect that controlled length/width ratio of grain didn't have significant difference. (2)Effects of genotype×environment(GE) interactions on the quality traits of rice appeared mainly as maternal effect×environment and cytoplasm×environment interactions. In addition, in gel consistency, protein content and grain weight, there were direct additive×environment interactions. (3)The heritability and its components of the quality traits of rice varied with traits. Direct heritability was predominant for amylose content, alkali digestion value and grain weight; and maternal heritability was predominant for gel consistency, protein content and length/width ratio of grains; and both direct and maternal heritabilities were almost equally important for grain length. The interaction heritabilities for alkali digestion value, protein content, grain length, grain width and grain weight appeared mainly as maternal interaction heritabilities; for gel consistency as direct interaction heritabilities. (4)The heterosis of the quality traits of rice included endosperm heterosis and maternal heterosis. Both endosperm heterosis and maternal heterosis existed in amylose content, gel consistency, alkali digestion value and grain weight. Protein content only showed endosperm heterosis, and three characters for grain length, grain width and length/width ratio of grains only exhibited maternal heterosis. Still further, the heterosis for amylose content, gel consistency and length/width were also influenced by environment in great extent.