利用耐逆植物改良松嫩平原高pH盐碱土研究进展

松嫩平原是世界上苏打盐碱地分布面积最大的地区,土壤pH多在8.5以上,重度盐碱地pH高达9.0～10.5.随着人类活动的加剧和气候干旱,松嫩平原盐碱化面积逐年扩大,盐碱化程度也逐年加重.文中概述了该区典型土壤盐碱化的成因和传统的治理方法,剖析了以往主要改良方法存在的利弊;重点介绍了近年来中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所在耐盐碱水稻品种筛选与育种,水稻耐碱突变体筛选和耐碱基因QTL定位,羊草(Leymus chinensis)移栽快速恢复和重建技术及其生物生态学效应,羊草耐碱基因克隆等研究工作进展,指出了有效利用耐盐碱牧草或种植耐盐碱水稻品种恢复生态和提高劣质土地生产力的重要性.

The Progress in Improvement of High pH Saline-Alkali Soil in the Songnen Plain by Stress Tolerant Plants

The Songnen Plain of the Northeast China is the largest alkali soda soil distribution area in the world where the carbonates are the main composition salts. Soil pH in this area is higher than 8.5 and reaches 9.0-10.5 in the severe alkali land. The unreasonable human activities and arid climate in recent years increase the area and degree of alkalinity. This paper summarized the formation and hazard of saline-alkali soil in the Songnen Plain, and evaluated the traditional practices of improving saline-alkali soil. A review of research results was introduced in breeding for salt and alkali tolerant rice varieties and screening for alkali tolerant mutants, QTL mapping of the alkali tolerant genes, characteristics of salinealkali tolerance and transplanting cultivation technologies in Leymus chinensis, the assessment of bioecological effects of transplanting L. chinensis in severe alkali soil and the physiological tolerant mechanisms to stress and the utilization of genetic variations of L. chinensis were carried out in the Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology of CAS. It also pointed out the importance of using alkali tolerant grass or rice to restore the ecological enviromnent and improve the poor soil productivity.