中国的重要农业文化遗产保护与发展研究进展

为应对全球农业环境问题、粮食安全和农业可持续发展危机,2002年联合国粮农组织联合有关国际组织和国家发起了全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)保护倡议。2005年,浙江稻鱼共生系统被列为中国第一个、全球第一批GIAHS保护试点,自此也开始了中国系统性农业文化遗产及其保护利用的研究。笔者在全面梳理有关研究文献的基础上,回顾了过去10多年来中国的重要农业文化遗产及其保护与利用的主要成果,认为现阶段农业文化遗产的研究核心内容主要为价值挖掘与多功能拓展开发、动态保护与适应性管理2个方面;围绕农业文化遗产的概念和内涵有许多的争论,但这些争论促进了对这种新型遗产的认识;农业文化遗产内部的可持续机制赋予了它价值多样性,对农业文化遗产价值的研究凸显了保护的意义。农业文化遗产的保护与发展主要有2种途径,即在其多功能价值认识基础上的多功能农业发展,包括高品质特色农产品生产、生态旅游业发展、文化产业发展等,以及以生态与文化补偿为核心的政策激励机制。为进行动态性和适应性管理与保护,“五位一体”的多方参与机制和法律保障管理办法的建立必不可少。虽然中国的农业文化遗产研究相较其他国家处于领先地位,但仍需要在资源普查与价值评估、系统演化特征与可持续性维持机制等方面开展基础研究,在体制与机制建设、动态保护范式与典型模式等方面开展应用研究,并注意多学科综合研究。

Review on Conservation and Development Study of Important Agricultural Heritage System in China

To cope with the problem of global agricultural environment, food security and the crisis of sustainable agricultural development, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) together with other relevant national organizations and several countries initiated to protect Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) in 2002. Qingtian Rice-Fish system was designated as China’s first and the first batch of GIAHS pilot sites, in 2005. Since then, study of systematic agricultural heritage and its conservation and utilization started in China. On the basis of a comprehensive review of the relevant studies, the author reviews the main achievements in conservation and utilization of important agricultural heritage in China over the past 10 years. At the present stage, the core contents of study on agricultural heritage are mainly focus on two aspects. One is value excavation with multi-functional development. Another is dynamic conservation with adaptive management. Around the concept and connotation of agricultural heritage, there are many controversies, which, in turn promoted the understanding of this new type of heritage. The sustainable mechanism within agricultural heritage gives itself value diversity. Study about the value of agricultural heritage highlights the significance of protection. Basically, there are two ways to conserve and utilize agricultural heritage. For one hand, develop multi-functional industrials based on its multi-functional value, including the production of high-quality and characteristic local agricultural products, the development of ecotourism, and the development of cultural industries. For another hand, establish incentive mechanism based on ecological and cultural compensation. In order to carry out dynamic conservation and adaptive management, the establishment of “five in one” multi-stakeholder mechanism and legal guaranteed ordinance are indispensable. Although China has a leading position in agricultural heritage study around the world, it still needs to carry out basic researches in resources census, and characteristics of system evolution and sustainable mechanism, to do more apply researches in framework and mechanism construction, paradigm of dynamic protection. Multidisciplinary comprehensive study is important as well.