2017—2021年间中国登记油菜品种的主要性状演变分析

为了探寻油菜品种选育发展趋势，以期为育种方向提供参考和理论指导。本研究通过整理2017—2021年594个国家登记甘蓝型冬油菜品种的信息，综合解析登记品种相关性状的变化规律及相关性。结果表明：登记品种生育期呈缩短趋势，年际间平均缩短2.3 d；品种产量呈上升趋势，年均增产60.90 kg/hm²；主要性状株高、千粒重、含油量以年均增加2.83 cm、0.07%、0.67%的趋势呈上升状态；其余指标变化相对平稳。相关性分析显示，生育期与单株角果数、每角粒数、产量均存在极显著正相关；产量与每角粒数、千粒重紧密关联，其余各性状间的不同协同作用共同构成了品种的特异性、一致性和稳定性。主成分分析(PCA)筛选出了对总体方差累计贡献率达71.44%的5个主成分，其中有效分枝数、单株角果数、每角粒数、千粒重和芥酸等是造成这些品种间差异的主要因素。总体而言，近年来育成的甘蓝型油菜品种更加早熟，产量和含油量稳步提高，未来育种的目标应以改良千粒重、每角粒数及含油量等性状为主。

Evolution Analysis of Main Traits of Registered Rape Varieties in China from 2017 to 2021

The study explored the development trend of oilseed rape variety selection and breeding, aiming to provide reference for breeding direction of rape. This study was conducted by compiling information on 594 registered kale type winter oilseed rape varieties in China from 2017—2021 to comprehensively analyze the change patterns and correlations of relevant traits of registered varieties. The results showed that: the growth period of the registered varieties presented a shortening trend, with an average annual shortening of 2.3 days; the yield of the varieties had an increasing trend, with an average annual increase of 60.90 kg/hm²; the main traits of plant height, thousand-seed weight and oil content showed an increasing trend with an average annual increase of 2.83 cm, 0.07% and 0.67%, respectively; the changes of the remaining traits were relatively stable. Correlation analysis showed that the growth period was highly significantly and positively correlated with the number of siliques per plant, seeds per silique, and yield; the yield was closely correlated with seeds per silique and thousand-seed weight; and the different synergistic effects among the remaining traits together constituted variety specificity, consistency and stability. Principal component analysis (PCA) screened out five principal components with a cumulative contribution of 71.44% to the overall variance, of which effective number of branches, the number of siliques per plant, seeds per silique, thousand-seed weight and erucic acid were the main factors responsible for the differences among these varieties. In general, the Brassicanapus varieties bred in recent years are more early maturing and have steadily improved yield and oil content. Future breeding objectives should focus on improving traits such as thousand-seed weight, seeds per silique and oil content.