中国传统民居建筑的生态文化

中国传统民居根植于农耕文化,具有丰富的思想和内涵。笔者通过分析传统民居建筑的生态思想和文化思想以期为现代民居建筑的设计提供参考。笔者认为：①传统民居建筑的生态思想包括＂天人合一＂的朴素生态观、＂负阴抱阳＂的风水观、＂因势利导＂的节能观。传统民居建筑多顺应自然地形而建,采用＂负阴抱阳、背山面水＂的择址原则,就近取材,由该地区环境、气候特点决定建筑形式,使民居具有冬暖夏凉、南向日照充足、通风隔热、防风祛湿的特性,为居住者提供自然的生态居住环境。②传统民居建筑的文化思想包括方正严明的哲理思想和丰富和谐的艺术思想。中国传统民居以严整的格局、强烈的秩序感来反映伦理规范,在空间格局上多具有明确的轴线,表现建筑群体中的层次与核心;传统民居建筑的建筑细部多使用抽象化的花、草、动物、人物图案,富有审美情趣。中国传统民居的形成与中国各地的社会、文化、居住习俗以及地理、水土、环境、气候、风土人情都有着密切的关系,对现代新型民居建筑的设计、改造具有重要参考价值。

Ecological Culture in Traditional Chinese Vernacular Dwellings

Traditional Chinese vernacular dwellings take root in farming culture with profound connotations. Through analyzing ecological thoughts and cultural ideas in traditional vernacular dwellings, this study aims to provide references for the design of modern vernacular dwellings. It is proposed in this study that ① Ecological thoughts of traditional vernacular dwellings include the simple eco-thought of "human-nature oneness", Fengshui theories of "balance of yin and yang", energy-saving thought of "utilizing local advantages". Traditional vernacular dwellings are mainly constructed according to local conditions, facing the sunning side and water, backing on the shady side and mountains, with local materials and suitable construction structures for local environment and climatic conditions, which enable residents to enjoy warm cold and cool summer, sufficient sunshine, excellent ventilation and heat-proof, wind and humidity proof, that is, a natural ecological living environment. ② Cultural thoughts of traditional vernacular dwellings include the strict and square philosophical ideas as well as harmonious artistic thoughts. Traditional Chinese vernacular dwellings demonstrate morals and ethics by strict and square patterns and strong sense of hierarchy, most of them have definite axes in spatial patterns to show the hierarchy and core of construction groups; abstract patterns of flower, grass, animal or human beings are also often applied in detailed designs, showing esthetic tastes. The formation of traditional Chinese vernacular dwellings has been closely linked with social and cultural factors, living habits, geographical, water and soil, environmental and climatic conditions as well as folk customs, which can provide significant references for the design and reformation of modern new-type vernacular dwellings.