自交可育红花甜荞种质资源创新利用研究

【目的】对等花柱型白花甜荞和异花柱型红花甜荞的杂交后代F₂群体进行遗传分析，为甜荞资源创新及新品种选育提供理论依据。【方法】对等花柱型白花甜荞与短花柱型红花甜荞的杂交后代F₂群体进行花色、花柱型、开花天数、生育天数和株高等7个农艺性状测定，并进行遗传分析及主成分分析。【结果】在F₂群体中，白花单株占27.92%，粉红花和浅粉花单株占72.08%，表明红花对白花为不完全显性；同型花（等花柱型）和异型花（短花柱型和长花柱型）分离比为2∶1，可推测出等花柱型对异型花柱为显性。7个农艺性状中，开花天数、生育天数、主茎节数和茎粗的变异系数分别为9.97%、7.16%、9.88%和9.57%，小于10.00%；单株粒数、株高和一级分枝数的变异系数分别为59.85%、21.75%和21.80%，均大于20.00%。开花天数与株高呈显著负相关（P<0.05，下同），与一级分枝数呈显著正相关；生育天数与株高、主茎节数、一级分枝数和茎粗4个株型相关性状均呈不显著负相关（P>0.05，下同）；4个株型相关性状中，株高与一级分枝数呈显著正相关，与主茎节数和茎粗均呈极显著正相关；单株粒数作为产量性状，与开花天数呈极显著负相关，与生育天数呈显著负相关，与4个株型相关性状均呈极显著性正相关。主成分分析的前2个因子的特征值大于1.000，累积贡献率为56.083%，反映了所测农艺性状的主要信息，第1公因子主要是由株高、主茎节数、茎粗和单株粒数4个因子决定，故称为株型因子；第2公因子中开花天数的因子载荷最大，故称为生殖因子，这2个公因子既相互促进，又相互制约。F₂群体的各农艺性状中均出现超亲分离，虽然未出现粉红色等花柱型单株，但出现了70株浅粉色等花柱型的单株，其中8株为既比父本早熟又比母本高产的浅粉色等花柱型。【结论】开花天数、生育天数、主茎节数和茎粗的变异较小，稳定性较高，而单株粒数、株高和一级分枝数的变异较高，稳定性较低。在等花柱甜荞与红花甜荞的杂交育种中应协调好生殖因子和株型因子的关系，要根据各性状间的相关性进行有目的地选择，有望获得早熟高产稳产的红花甜荞。

Innovation utilization of germplasm resources of self-fertile safflower buckwheat

【Objective】The genetic analysis of F₂ population of hybrid progenies of homo-flower white buckwheat and heteromorphous safflower buckwheat would provide a theoretical basis for resource innovation and new varieties of common buckwheat.【Method】Seven agronomic traits such as flower color, style type, flowering days, number of growing days, plant height were measured on the F₂ populations of hybrid progenies of homo-flower white buckwheat and short style safflower buckwheat, and carried out genetic diversity and principal component analysis.【Result】In the F₂ population, individual plants with white flowers accounted for 27.92%, pink flowers and light pink flowers accounted for 72.08%, indicating that safflower was not completely dominant to white flowers. In addition, the separation ratio of homotypes(equal styles) and heteromorphic flowers(short styles, long styles) was 2:1, and it could be inferred that the isome-tric styles were dominant heteromorphic styles. Among the 7 agronomic traits, the coefficients of variation of flowering days, growing days, main stem node number and stem diameter were 9.97%, 7.16%, 9.88% and 9.57%, respectively, which were less than 10.00%;the coefficients of variation of number of seeds per plant, plant height and number of first branch were 59.85%, 21.75% and 21.80%, respectively, which were all greater than 20.00%. The flowering days was significantly negatively correlated with plant height(P<0.05, the same below), and was significantly positively correlated with the number of first branch;the number of growing days were not significantly negatively correlated with plant height, number of the main stalk section, number of first branch and stem diameter(P>0.05, the same below). Among the four plant type-related traits, plant height was significantly positively correlated with the number of first branch, and extremely significantly positively correlated with the number of the main stalk section and stem diameter. As a yield trait, the number of seeds per plant was extremely negatively correlated with flowering days, was significantly negatively correlated with number of growing days, and was extremely significantly positively correlated with four plant type-related traits. The eigenvalues of the first two factors in the principal component analysis were greater than 1.000, and the cumulative contribution rate was 56.083%, which reflected the main information of the agronomic traits measured. The first common factor was mainly determined by four factors:plant height, number of the main stalk section, stem diameter and number of seeds per plant, and was called plant type factor;the second common factor had the largest load of flowering days, which was called reproductive factor. These two common factors both promoted and restricted each other. Super parental separation was found in all agronomic traits of F₂ population. Although no pink homo-flower individual plants were found, but 70 light pink homo-flower individual plants were observed. Eight of them were pink homo-flower individual plants which were earlier than their fathers and more productive than their mother.【Conclusion】The variations of flowering days, number of growing days, number of the main stalk section and stem diameter are small and stability is high, while the variation of number of seeds per plant, plant height and number of first branch of first order is high and stability is low. In the cross breeding of homo-flower white buckwheat and heteromorphous safflower buckwheat, the relationship between reproductive factors and plant type factors should be well coordinated, and the target selection should be carried out according to the correlation of each trait, so as to obtain safflower buckwheat with early maturity, high yield and stable yield.