长江中下游小麦品种籽粒品质对氮素的敏感性分析

目的]研究长江中下游麦区小麦品种品质性状对氮素的敏感性,为优质弱筋专用小麦生产及品质育种提供参考.方法]以长江中下游麦区105个小麦品种为试验材料,进行低氮(纯氮120 kg/ha)和高氮(纯氮280 kg/ha)2个施氮水平的田间试验,测定不同品种籽粒品质相关指标,并依据籽粒蛋白质含量进行氮肥敏感性分析.结果]长江中下游麦区小麦籽粒品质性状在不同品种和施氮量间均存在极显著差异(P<0.01,下同),具有较高的遗传多样性.高氮处理下,籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间显著提高,沉降值、千粒重和籽粒硬度等品质指标也有增加趋势.不同品质性状间的相关性分析结果表明,籽粒蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间呈极显著正相关,相关系数均在0.5000以上.根据籽粒品质性状对氮素的敏感性程度,可将长江中下游地区的小麦品种分为氮敏感型(34个)、氮迟钝型(25个)和中间型(46个)三大类.15个生产应用弱筋小麦品种籽粒蛋白质含量在不同施氮量下的效应分析结果表明,主要弱筋小麦品种在低氮条件下均可达到GB/T 17893-1999《优质小麦弱筋小麦》的标准,其中宁麦9和扬麦15籽粒蛋白质含量对不同施氮量具有较好的稳定性,宁麦13、鄂麦520、扬麦9号和宁麦20等品种对氮素较敏感.结论]根据不同小麦品种籽粒品质对氮素的敏感性差异,生产上应合理控制氮肥用量,以达到品质与产量的协调和平衡.

Sensitivity of wheat grain quality to nitrogen application in middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River

Objective] Sensitivity of quality traits of wheat cultivars to nitrogen application in middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River wheat planting region was analyzed to provide reference for the production of weak gluten wheat and high quality breeding.Method] Field trials on 105 wheat cultivars collected from middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River wheat planting region were carried out with low nitrogen(120 kg/ha pure nitrogen)and high nitrogen(280 kg/ha pure nitrogen) treatments to measure the related traits of wheat grain quality of different wheat cultivars.In addition,the sensitivity of 105 cultivars to nitrogen fertilizer was analyzed in accordance to grain protein contents.Result]There were significant differences (P＜0.01,the same below) in wheat grain quality traits among cultivars and nitrogen application amounts in middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River wheat planting region.And the quality traits contained high genetic diversity.Under high nitrogen treatment,protein content,wet gluten content and dough stability time were significantly increased,and sedimentation value,1000-grain weight and grain hardness were also increased.Correlation analysis for different quality traits revealed that grain protein content was significantly positively correlated to wet gluten content and dough stability time,and the correlation coefficient was larger than 0.5000.According to the sensitivity of the grain quality traits to nitrogen,all the cultivars in this region could be classified into three groups,namely nitrogen-sensitive genotype (34),nitrogen-insensitive genotype (25) and intermediate genotype (46).Effect analysis on grain protein content under different nitrogen application rates of 15 weak-gluten wheat cultivars used in production showed that all these cultivars could reach the national standard of GB/T 17893-1999 High Quality Wheat-Weak Gluten Wheat under low nitrogen treatment.Protein contents of Ningmai 9 and Yangrnai 15 were stable under different nitrogen application rates,while Ningmai 13,Emai 520,Yangmai 9 and Ningmai 20 were more sensitive to different nitrogen application rates.Conclusion] The application rates of nitrogen fertilizer should be controlled in field to balance quality and output based on sensitivity variation of grain quality of different wheat cultivars to nitrogen.