药用植物在水产养殖动物病原防控中的应用进展

药用植物富含多糖、生物碱、类黄酮、挥发油、有机酸和单宁等活性成分，以及氨基酸、碳水化合物、矿物质和维生素等营养成分，相对于传统的抗生素，具有天然、高效、价廉、无毒或毒性较低、易获得及对养殖动物和环境副作用小等优点，且药用植物及其提取物成分制成的药物一般很少产生耐药性，被认为是抗生素的有效替代品。鉴于药用植物有效成分在水产养殖及其疫病防控领域的应用价值，文章重点综述药用植物抗水产养殖细菌性病原、病毒性病原和寄生虫病原，以及作为免疫增强剂调节水产养殖动物机体等方面的最新研究进展，发现当前我国渔用药用植物功能产品多而不强，在水产养殖应用过程中还存在以下问题:①药用植物有效成分的生物利用度受生长阶段和生长地点的影响，其准确用药剂量难以确定；②针对药用植物作用机制的研究相对很少，传统复方制剂成分复杂，不同药用植物间的协同或拮抗作用机制尚未明确；③相同品种不同产地的中药材质量不一致，实际用药过程中的药效差异明显。因此，今后应针对药用植物的有效成分、作用机制、使用方式、组合配比和复方剂型，以及中药材的质量控制等方面开展深入研究，充分发挥药用植物在水产养殖及其疫病防控中的作用和价值，利用药用植物研制开发出一批高效的绿色抗病渔药产品，大幅度提高化学药物替代率，有效降低水产养殖病害造成的损失，以保障我国水产养殖业的高质量发展。

Application of medicinal plants in prevention and control of aquatic animal pathogens

Medicinal plants are rich in active ingredients, including polysaccharides, alkaloids, flavonoids, volatile oils, organic acids, tannins, as well as nutrients such as amino acids, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. Compared to traditional antibiotics, medicinal plants have the excellent advantages of being natural, efficient, cheap, nontoxic or less toxic, easy to obtain, and having little side effects on farmed animals and the cultured environment. Moreover, drugs prepared from medicinal plants and their extracts rarely produce drug resistance, which is considered as an effective substitute for antibiotics. In view of the application values of effective medicinal plants ingredients against diseases in aquaculture, this paper focused on the latest research progress of medicinal plants in combating bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens in aquaculture, and serve as an immunopotentiators to regulate aquaculture animals. It was noting that, at present, there were many medicinal plants-based fishery functional products in China, but they were not strong in effects.Moreover, the following problems still existed in the application of these products in aquaculture.① The bioavailability of active ingredients of medicinal plants was affected by the growth stage and place, and it was difficult to identify the exact dosage of medication.② Researches on the action mechanism of medicinal plants were relatively rare, the components of traditional compound medicinal plants preparations were complex, and the mechanisms of synergy and antagonism between different medicinal plants were not clear yet.③ The quality of Chinese herbal medicines of the same variety and different producing areas was inconsistent, and the efficacy differences were obvious in actual use. Therefore, in the future, in-depth researches should be carried out on the effective components, action mechanism, use mode, combination ratio and compound dosage forms of medicinal plants, as well as the quality control of Chinese medicinal herbs, so as to give full play to the role and value of medicinal plants in aquatic diseases prevention and control, and further develop a group of high-efficient green disease-resistant fishery medicines by using medicinal plants. It could greatly improve the substitution rate of chemical drugs, and effectively reduce the losses caused by aquatic diseases, so as to ensure the highquality development of aquaculture in China.