苦楝果活性成分及其地理变异研究进展

苦楝(Melia azedarach Linn.)在我国分布广泛,地理变异明显,生长迅速,材质优良,是良好的用材树种;其根、皮、花、果皆可入药,对多种害虫有明显的毒杀、拒食和忌避活性,是常见的生物农药原料,将苦楝果作为活性成分提取材料,有利于开发材用价值。文章综述了苦楝果提取物的抗虫作用、杀虫活性成分及其作用效果,并结合遗传育种策略,针对国内对苦楝果活性成分地理变异研究的局限与不足,提出在全分布区内收集具代表性的苦楝种源或家系,分析不同种源、家系间苦楝果的活性成分种类及含量差异,研究其地理变异及个体变异规律,在优良种源或家系选择的基础上,进一步将苦楝的生物农药应用结合木材利用进行改良,选择果实中活性成分含量高及生长性状表现优良的种源或家系,再通过遗传育种手段培育出优良品种用于果林营造,以期达到苦楝材用与药用相结果的目的,综合开发苦楝的经济价值。

Active components of Melia azedarach Linn. fruits and its geographic variation:A review

Melia azedarach Linn. is widely distributed in China and has obvious geographic variation,which can be used as commercial tree species for its fast growth and good quality. As a popular raw material for insecticidal drugs,the root,bark,flower and fruit of M. azedarach can be used as drugs which shows poisonousness,anti-feeding efficacy and repellent activity toward many pests. M. azedarach fruits can be used as materials for extracting active components, which is conducive to the utilization of wood. This review summarized the insect-resistant effects,insecticidal active com-ponents and efficacy of extracts from M. azedarach fruits. Moreover,due to the limitation and deficiency in the existing studies about geographic variation of active components from fruits of M. azedarach in China,this review combined with genetic breeding startegies,recommended researchers to collect representative M. azedarach provenances and families in whole distribution area,analyze differences in species and content of active components between different M. azedarach provenances and families,and reveal the pattern of geographic variation and individual variation. Finally,further im-provement was made to M. azedarach biopesticide application by combining with wood utilization,based on the selection of fine provenances or families. Provenances or families whose fruits had high content of active components and good per-formance of growth traits were chosen to cultivate excellent species for fruit forest by genetic breeding,in order to realize the combined use of M. azedarach as drug and timber,and comprehensively develop its economic value.