微地形改造的生态环境效应研究进展

干旱缺水和生境不良使世界上许多地区的植被恢复和生态改善面临困难。为了提高植被成活率、遏制土壤侵蚀和土地退化态势，国内外许多重点地区都开展了多种微地形改造与下垫面整地措施，使得地表生境和植被状况得到一定改善。但微地形改造对生态环境影响的基础研究仍严重滞后于实践的客观需求，许多关键效应和科学机理不明。本文系统梳理和总结了国内外学者在不同生态系统类型区和自然地理单元上开展的相关研究。认为微地形改造对土壤属性和微生境、降雨入渗和水蚀过程、植被恢复的效果及其生态服务功能发挥等多个方面都有重要影响，并综述了相关研究进展。同时指出当前微地形改造研究中存在的突出问题。包括科学分类标准有待系统化、实地量化技术相对滞后、微地形改造的水文效应有待强化、影响植被恢复的机理不明等若干重要局限。建议应进一步加强微地形改造的分类体系研发、发展微地形改造方式的定量刻画技术；设立野外定位站，跟踪监测其长期效应，并加强不同微地形改造措施的生态环境效应对比，为科学筛选和优化下垫面改造技术、服务区域生态改善和应对气候变化提供科学依据。

Research progress in the ecological effects of micro-landform modification

Severe drought and poor habitat condition cause the great difficulty of vegetation restoration and ecological amelioration in many regions of the world. In order to boost plant survival rate, limit soil erosion and prevent land degradation, many kinds of micro-topography re-establishment measures and land surface preparation methods were conducted in key areas around the globe. Through such ways, surface properties of micro-habitats and vegetation growing conditions were improved to some extent. However, basic research regarding the effects of micro-landform modification on ecosystem and environment still severely lagged behind the huge demands in practice. Many key ecological and environmental consequences and scientific mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the international and domestic researches on different ecological zones and geographical regions were summarized and analyzed systematically in this study. On the basis of such analysis, progresses on the effects of micro-landform reconstruction on soil features and micro-habitat conditions, surface hydrological process and water balance, vegetation restoration and provided ecosystem services were all reviewed. It was considered that micro-topography modification plays key role in all these effects. Meanwhile, major problems and limitations regarding the recent research were also highlighted, which include that more systematic classification criterion of micro-topography should be enhanced, delayed methods of field measurements and quantitative analysis still remain, and the hydrological effects of micro-topography modification need more concern, and the mechanism of micro-landform modification on vegetation restoration still remain unclear. Consequently, the following aspects should be enhanced in the next steps. First, more attention should be paid to establish the classification system of micro-topography, and take valid measures to make the definition more scientific. At the same time, long term monitoring station should be established for studying the relations between micro-topography, vegetation and eco-hydrological processes across various scales. Furthermore, the ecological and environmental effects of different micro-landform modification measures should be compared and analyzed, which is used for proper selection and optimization of micro-topography modification technologies, and providing scientific basis for enhancing ecosystem services, environmental rehabilitation effectiveness and climate adaptation.