稻田土壤氧化态有机碳组分变化及其与甲烷排放的关联性

稻田土壤有机碳是甲烷排放的关键底物之一,不同研究者由于采取的有机碳研究方法不同而得出稻田甲烷排放与土壤有机碳关系的结论不一。为明确影响稻田甲烷排放的土壤有机碳组分,设计了稻田施用不同外源有机碳(稻草还田、鸡粪和猪粪)的田间试验,对稻田甲烷排放和土壤有机碳组分的动态变化及其关联性进行监测和分析。结果表明,猪粪处理的甲烷排放与化肥处理无显著差异,而鸡粪和稻草2个处理的甲烷排放分别比化肥增加1.67倍(P<0.05),2.69倍(P<0.05);甲烷排放量与土壤易氧化有机碳含量显示相同顺序:稻草>鸡粪>猪粪>化肥;通径分析表明,土壤易氧化有机碳组分1(被33 mmol/L KMnO₄氧化的有机碳)与甲烷排放直接相关,其他有机碳组分仅通过组分1间接作用于水稻生育后期甲烷排放,且排放量较低。由此推断,易氧化有机碳组分1是甲烷排放的主要底物,通过有效措施降低肥源中易氧化态有机碳组分1是减排甲烷的关键技术之一。

Fraction changes of oxidation organic carbon in paddy soil and its correlation with CH4 emission fluxes

Application of organic manure increases methane emissions from rice paddy fields by increasing soil organic matter. Soil organic carbon is one of the key substrates that affect methane emission from paddy soils. Different methods of researching organic carbon have been used by different researchers which have led to different conclusions regarding correlations between organic carbon and methane emission from paddy soils. To define how methane emission is influenced by fractions of soil organic carbon, a paddy field experiment with application of different exogenous organic carbon (rice straw+chemical fertilizer, chicken manure+chemical fertilizer and pig manure+chemical fertilizer) was used to monitor and analyze methane emission, changes in organic carbon fractions and their correlation. A week after application of organic manure, rice straw +chemical fertilizer (RS) and chicken manure+chemical fertilizer (CM) showed emission peaks of 221.6 and 128.2 mg·m^-2·h^-1, respectively. The methane emission was mainly concentrated before the heading stage. The amount of methane emitted in the growing season following the chemical fertilizer (CF) treatment was 296.0 kg/hm² and following the pig manure+chemical fertilizer (PM), CM, and RS treatments were 340.7, 493.6 and 794.8 kg/hm², respectively. There was no significant difference in methane emissions between the PM and CF treatments, while emissions from the CM and RS treatments were 1.67 times (P < 0.05) and 2.69 times (P < 0.05) higher than from the CF treatment, respectively. Amounts of methane emission and the content of oxidizable organic carbon in the paddy soil followed the same order: RS > CM > PM > CF and no fertilizers. The content of organic C fractions followed the order: fraction 1 (organic C oxidizable by 33 mmol/L KMnO₄) > fraction 2 (the difference in C oxidizable by 167 mmol/L and that by 33 mmol/L KMnO₄) > fraction 3 (the difference in C oxidizable by 333 mmol/L and that by 167 mmol/L KMnO₄). Fraction 1 was the highest proportion of the easily oxidizable organic carbon at 42.7%-65%; followed by fraction 2 at 23.3%-48.9%; and fraction 3 was the smallest at 2.7%-17.1%. Fractions 1 and 2 in the tilling stage were higher than in the other stages in rice growth, and were a minimum in the mature rice. Fraction 1 in the rice growing season showed the same trend with methane emission as the RS and CM treatments, being obviously higher than the CF and no fertilizer treatments. Results of path analysis showed that, for fraction 1, the direct path coefficient and correlation coefficient were extremely significant at 1.0381 and 0.6709, respectively, whereas the direct path coefficients of fraction 2 and fraction 3 had negative values. Among all the organic carbon fractions, fraction 1was directly related to methane emission, while the other organic carbon fractions were only indirectly related to methane emission through fraction 1 during the later growth stages of rice, and the emission amounts were lower. Taken together, our results show that fraction 1 of the oxidizable organic carbon was the primary substrate of methane emission. Effective measures causing a decline in fraction 1 as a proportion of oxidation organic carbon in fertilizer resources and soil are possible key technologies for mitigating methane emissions from paddy fields.