安太堡露天煤矿排土场景观结构及其分形研究

将平朔安太堡露天煤矿复垦区的5个排土场按照植被覆盖和地形划分为8个基本景观类型,包括耕地、草地、草灌混交、灌木混交、乔草混交、乔灌混交、新造复垦地和退化地,总计496个斑块。利用3S技术和分形理论对景观结构进行了分析,并讨论了景观特性及其变化的分形性质。结果表明:分维数的大小反映了景观斑块面积、斑块数量和平均斑块面积等因素的相互作用,反映了排土场内景观斑块的不规则程度和复杂程度;乔灌混交地和灌木混交地保持着较高的分维数,新造复垦地和草地的分维数较低,其它景观类型的分维数则差别不大;植被景观受多种因子的影响,在南排土场、西排土场受地表物质组成和地形的影响为主,其多样性指数较高,在内排土场、西排扩大区受植被类型的影响为主;草灌混交地的景观多样性远高于其它现有的复垦植被区,但其景观优势度则保持在较低水平上。南排、西排及西排扩大区的景观过程以控制水土流失、增加植被覆盖为主,内排则着重发展兼顾经济、生态和社会多种效益的生态农业和高效农业。

Study on Landscape Structure and Fractal of the Dumping Place in Antaibao Opencast Coal Mine

According to vegetation cover and terrain division, five dumping places of reclamation area in Antaibao opencast coal mine is divided into eights basic landscape types, including farming, pure grass vegetation, mixed vegetation of grass and shrubs, mixed vegetation of some shrubs type, mixed vegetation of arbors and grass, mixed vegetation of arbors and shrubs, new reclamation land and degenerated place, amounts to 496 patch. 3S technology and the fractal theory are used on the analysis to the landscape structure, and fractal property of landscape structure is discussed. Result shown: value of fractal dimension is a comprehensive index, which reflect the changes of landscape, patch areas, patch numbers, area per patch, and their interaction. And the index can reflect the irregular degree and the complex degree of landscape patch in dumping place. The fractal dimension of mixed vegetation of arbors - shrubs and mixed vegetation of shrubs maintain the high level, while fractal dimension of new reclamation land and grass land are low. The difference of other type landscape fractal dimension is not significant. Vegetation landscape is influenced by many kinds of factors. It is primarily influenced by surface material composition and terrain in south and west dumping place, which diversity index is high. It is primarily influenced by vegetation type in inner dumping place and expanded west dumping place. The landscape multiplicity index of the mixed vegetation of grass and shrubs is higher than other landscape type, but landscape dominance index of this area maintains on the lower level. The primary landscape process of south, west and expanded west dumping places are controlling soil erosion and increasing vegetation cover. It should develop ecological agriculture and highly effective agriculture that make a harmonious development in economy benefit, ecology benefit and social benefit in inner dumping place.