基于旱地小麦“三提前”蓄水保墒技术播种方式的研究

采用大田试验于2011～2012年在山西农业大学闻喜试验基地进行旱地小麦休闲期"三提前"蓄水保墒技术的深翻模式和深松模式研究,并在此基础上研究全膜覆土穴播、膜际条播、沟播、宽幅精播、条播5种播种方式对土壤水分、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:"三提前"蓄水保墒技术可提高底墒,显著提高从越冬期到抽穗期0～300cm土壤的蓄水量,显著增加群体分蘖,显著增加穗长、可育小穗数,减少不育小穗数,增加穗数、穗粒数,使产量和水分利用率提高,且以深松模式效果较好。休闲期采用"三提前"蓄水保墒技术,全膜覆土穴播和膜际条播较其它播种方式具有较好的蓄水保墒效果,群体分蘖增加,育出冬前壮苗,穗数及穗粒数增加,产量提高。结果还表明,休闲期采用深翻模式,全膜覆土穴播或膜际条播方式较其它播种方式均可显著提高水分利用效率,但两种播种方式间差异不显著;休闲期采用深松模式,水分利用效率以全膜覆土穴播最高。搞清旱地小麦休闲期"三提前"蓄水保墒技术最适配套播种方式,可为旱地小麦蓄水、保墒、高产、稳产提供理论依据。

Study on Sowing Methods for Dryland Wheat Based on the "Three Advance" Soil Moisture Preservation Technology

Field experiment to study the deep tillage and subsoiling modes for fallow dryland of wheat based on "three advance" soil moisture preservation technology was carried out in Wenxi Experiment Base in 2011~2012.Effects of five sowing methods including film covering soil hole sowing(FSH),film mulch(FM),furrowing sowing(FS),wide precision seeding(WPS) and drilling sowing(DS) on soil moisture,wheat yield and water utilization efficiency were studied.The results showed that "three advance" technology can improve soil water storage before sowing and from wintering stage(WS) to heading stage(HS) at the depth of 0~300 cm.The technology can increase tiller number,plant height in maturity,spike length,fertile spikelets and decrease sterile spikelets.Thus the yield was significantly increased via the increase of spike number,grain number per spike and water utilization efficiency.The effect was better under subsoiling.By adopting "three advance" technology,FSH and FM in fallow period had better effect of soil moisture preservation and can increase tiller number,culture vigorous pre-winter seedlings,significantly improve the spikes and grain number per spike and therefore significantly improve the yield.The result also showed that FSH and FM can significantly improve water utilization efficiency by adopting deep tillage mode.But the difference was not significantly between FSH and FM in fallow period.Water utilization efficiency was the highest by FSH under subsoiling mode in fallow period.The above results suggested that FSH and FM coordinated with "three advance" technology can use precipitation in fallow period and growth stage effectively and optimize yield constitution.It can provide a new way to soil moisture preservation technology for dryland wheat by using suitable sowing technology combined with "three advance" technology.