新疆小麦品质生态研究(上)

2001～2004年,在新疆不同生态麦区的25个试验点,选用强、中、弱筋不同类型小麦品种10个,通过同种异地种植和小区试验,研究新疆不同生态条件对小麦品质形成的影响.结果表明,新疆小麦籽粒品质形成生态条件较复杂,品质形成类型具有多样性.在环境条件中(含自然条件和人为栽培措施)籽粒品质形成主要受气候影响,尤其是在小麦抽穗至成熟期间的气候条件,是影响蛋白质数量和质量最主要因素.灌浆期平均温度在20～28℃,有利于小麦蛋白质含量的提高和质量的改善,较有利于烘烤品质的形成.通过小麦品质指标对气候条件的逐步回归分析表明,新疆小麦品质主要受温度条件的影响.小麦品质指标降落数值、千粒重、蛋白质含量、形成时间均受灌浆期温度条件的影响,灌浆期温度决定小麦的最终品质,在一定温度范围相对较高的温度有利于品质的提高.新疆地域广阔,绿洲只占新疆总面积的4.3;左右,点片绿洲主要分布在有水源的山地和荒漠之间,荒漠绿洲间间距较大和海拔高度的影响,形成多种荒漠绿洲气候生态条件.环境与品种互作,是决定新疆强、中、弱筋类型的基础.新疆小麦以强筋、中筋型为主.石河子、奎屯、奇台和南疆多数地区小麦抽穗至成熟期间平均温度较高(20～28℃)适合种植强筋、中筋小麦.哈密等地区6月中旬～7月上旬,常出现＞32℃的高温,籽粒蛋白质含量虽然较高,但蛋白质质量较差,粉质和拉伸特性不佳,烤烘品质变差.巴里坤、昭苏等温凉地区,小麦抽穗至成熟期间,平均气温一般低于18℃,适合中、弱筋小麦生产,灌浆期间若降水过多容易出现穗上发芽,会严重降低小麦品质.新疆是大陆性气候,光照充足,但温度差异较大,专用小麦生产应注意生态条件选择,品种及栽培措施应配套.新疆是灌溉农业,麦田肥水可控性强,工业污染少,病虫害轻,同时,麦收期间晴天较多,雨水少,除个别地区外小麦很少有霉烂和穗上发芽等现象,较适合中强筋小麦品种推广.

Studies on wheat quality ecology in Xinjiang(Part one)

Three gluten types of spring wheat,namely the weak,middle and strong glutens,were planted between 2001 and 2004 at 25 different sites in Xinjiang.The research on effect of environments of quality of wheat was performed.The results showed that the environments have a complicated effect on the quality of wheat and the wheat planted in different sites and develop different types of quality.The quality of wheat is determined mainly by climatic resources,particularly by the climatic resource in earing-matureing time,which is also the main factor for the quality and quantity of wheat protein.Mean temperature in filling stage between 20 and 28℃ is beneficial to the quality and content of protein and bread making quality.Stepwise regression analysis of quality traits to climate showed that the quality of wheat in Xinjiang is mainly determined by temperature.The falling number,1000-kernel weight,protein content and development time are determined by temperature in filling stage,with relatively higher temperature resulting in higher quality to a certain degree.